阻尼喷头动能分布试验及模型

针对阻尼喷头外流场水力学特性研究较少的问题,该文研究了单位体积动能、动能强度与有无散水齿、不同喷嘴直径之间的关系。在工作压力分别为175、200、250和300 k Pa,喷嘴直径分别为3.6、4.0、4.4和4.8 mm下,采用激光雨滴谱仪对Nelson R33阻尼喷头的水滴直径、速度和数目等参数进行试验测试,并对试验结果分析及模型建立。结果表明:有无散水齿条件下的单位体积动能均有逐渐增大的趋势;距喷头相同测点处,单位体积动能随喷嘴直径的增大而减小;给出了有无散水齿下不同喷嘴阻尼喷头单位体积水滴动能分布模型,相关系数均在0.94以上;在距喷头0~4 m,不同喷嘴直径的动能强度较小且差值不超过0.002 W/m2,在距喷头较远处,不同喷嘴直径的动能强度差值较大,最大差值达到0.006 W/m2。有散水齿时,动能强度在不同压力下波动均比较小,差值不超过5%。该结果为进一步研究阻尼喷头外流场水力学特性提供理论依据。     

施肥处理对黄土丘陵区农田土壤酶活性和水溶性有机碳、氮的影响

为了评估长期施肥处理对黄土丘陵区川地农田土壤酶活性以及水溶性碳、氮的影响,以黄土高原安塞站川地农田定位试验样地为研究对象,分析了以土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的酶活性和单位有机碳酶活性作为评价微生物活性新途径的可行性,以及土壤水溶性有机碳、总氮和水溶性碳氮比的变化特征.试验共设九个处理,分别为N(氮肥)、P(磷肥)、M(有机肥,羊粪)、N+P、N+M、P+M、N+P+M,另加空白对照CK(不施肥)和裸地BL(无作物,不施肥).试验结果表明,除了过氧化氢酶,其他三种土壤酶活性都是表层高于下层,而且有机肥参与的处理土壤酶活性要显著高于化肥处理.初步分析发现有机质含量越高,单位有机碳酶活性值越低.长期施用有机肥,可显著提高土壤中水溶性有机碳和水溶性氮的含量,WSOC/WSTN对于不同施肥处理的响应要比C/N更为敏感.相关分析表明,水溶性有机碳、水溶性氮和有机质、全氮、碱解氮与脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶三种酶都达到极显著相关关系,与过氧化氢酶未达到显著相关.总体研究发现,施化肥并不能显著影响土壤酶活性,但有机肥能显著提高土壤酶活性及水溶性碳、氮含量,施肥方式的差异影响着土壤酶活性;单位有机碳酶活性的响应规律和传统酶活性的规律并不一致,其机理还需进一步研究.     

四元联系数多因素态势排序法综合评价水稻优良组合

按照四元联系数多因素态势排序原理,对重庆三峡农业科学院2009年水稻组合鉴定结果进行分析与排序,目的是为水稻优良组合筛选提供可靠的理论依据。结果表明:10个参试组合被划分为4个方阵,第一方阵为优良组合(WZ-2),可作为下年区试或重点示范组合;第二方阵为较好组合,共4个;其余7个组合归为第三、第四方阵,为一般、较差组合。     

Relationships between numbers of main stems and yield components of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Erntestolz) as influenced by different daylengths

Summary The relationshops between numbers of main stems and some measures of growth and yield, as well as total tuber yield, were examined for potatoes grown under different daylengths. Leaf area, tuber number and tuber yield per plant increased significantly with increasing daylength and number of main stems. Numbers of main stems and leaf area were correlated positively with tuber number and tuber yield and negatively with average tuber weight. The correlations were stronger with stem number than with leaf area and were differently affected by daylength. Standard regression coefficients indicated that stem number has strong positive and negative relationships with tuber number and average tuber weight, respectively. Since tuber number was a better determinant of yeild than average tuber weight, the final relationship between the numbers of main stems and tuber yield remained positive for all daylengths. Determinants that will best explain variation in tuber total yield, tuber number, and average tuber weight are suggested.     

Grain number and grain weight in wheat lines contrasting for stem water soluble carbohydrate concentration

In wheat, the ability to store and remobilise large amounts of stem water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) to grain constitutes a desirable trait to incorporate into germplasm targeted to regions with frequent terminal drought. The main aim of this paper was to examine the relationships between WSC storage, grain number and grain weight across several environments. A small set of recombinant inbred lines (2–4) contrasting in stem WSC were grown in six field trials where water availability, sowing date and/or N level were manipulated, with line yields ranging from 400 to 850 g m⁻² across experiments. Biomass, N and WSC concentration (WSCc, mg g⁻¹ dry weight) and amount (WSCa, g m⁻²) were monitored. A resource-oriented area-based model [Fischer, R.A., 1984. Growth and yield of wheat. In: Smith, W.H., Bante, S.J. (Eds.), Potential Productivity of Field Crops Under Different Environments. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 129–154] and intrinsic rates of organ growth were used to investigate the consequences on grain number of potential competition between spike and stem around flowering.     

华北平原地区农村生活污水产污特征研究

为了解华北平原地区农村生活污水产污特征,准确评价农村生活污染状况,本研究选取华北平原地区典型农村（保定市徐水县荆塘铺村）不同收入水平的15户典型农户,对其生活污水的产污情况进行12个月（2010年8月至2011年7月）的调查和监测,得到农户的生活污水人均日产生量、pH、COD、TAN、TN和TP的产污系数。农户生活污水人均日产生量为21.03L·d-1·人-1,pH值为6.14,COD、TAN、TN和TP的产污系数分别为7.87、0.581、1.31g·d-1·人-1和0.0662g·d-1·人-1。各项指标从高到低依次为中收入水平农户,高收入水平农户和低收入水平农户,且高中收入水平农户与低收入水平农户各项指标差异性较显著。以上结果表明华北平原地区农村生活污水人均日产生量和污染物产污系数与收入水平有关。     

豚草卷蛾越冬基数的现状及保护对策

豚草卷蛾是豚草的重要天敌，它以老熟幼虫在茎杆内越冬，根据调查每株豚草上不足1只豚草卷蛾越冬幼虫，所以冬季保护和增加豚草卷蛾越冬幼虫顺利越冬，是利用豚草卷蛾进行生物防治控制豚草漫延的重要环节。     

Meiotic studies of spontaneous hybrids of Amaranthus: genome analysis

The meiotic behaviour of 13 spontaneous interspecific F₁ hybrids of Amaranthus was studied. The hybrids between species with n= 16 chromosomes had 16 bivalents but varied considerably in pollen stainability (0–55%). These results suggest the existence of cryptic structural hybridity. The hybrids involving A. cruentus (n = 17) and species with n = 16 (A. caudatus and A. quitensis) always formed 15II+1 III with very low pollen stainability (5–7%). Further observations indicated that Amaranthus species are allotetraploids with basic numbers of x= 8 and x= 9 but exhibit x= 16 and x= 17 as secondary basic numbers, as demonstrated by (a) the frequent presence of 811 + 171 in the meiosis of the hybrid A. spinosus (n = 17) × A. hybridus (n= 16); and the occurrence of secondary associations between bivalents in MI. Genomic formulae are proposed for each species, on the basis of the meiotic behaviour of the hybrids studied.     

“NPN”补充料对增加奶牛产奶量效果的研究

为探讨NPN（non protein nitrogen 非蛋白氮 简称NPN）补充料在奶牛养殖业中的作用,选取相关材料和方法进行研究。中国荷斯坦奶牛32头随机分为试验组和对照组,每组16头。试验组在精料中用NPN补充料取代一定数量的常规蛋白质补充料,对照组饲喂常规饲料,不添加NPN补充料。经过60天的试验,结果表明：试验组奶牛总产奶量16108 kg,比对照组的15289 kg增产819 kg,平均每头每日增产0.85 kg,以当地鲜奶时价2 元/kg计,计算出日增收1.7 元。再来计算饲料成本,在用NPN补充料替换出常规蛋白质补充料胡麻饼时,精饲料总成本降低544 元,即试验组比对照组饲料成本节省544 元,通过相关计算可得试验组平均每头每日节约饲料成本0.57 元。从而得出NPN补充料对奶牛产奶量及经济效益的影响结果,对其在生产中推广应用有指导作用。     

陕西黄河湿地鸟类资源调查分析与研究

陕西黄河湿地是我国中、西部国际候鸟的主要栖息地之一和内陆候鸟迁徙通道上的重要驿站,区内生境多样,鸟类资源十分丰富。通过对湿地内高生芦苇区、低矮芦苇区、盐碱地、农田、鱼塘、莲池、滩涂、林地等不同生境类型的鸟类分布情况进行的调查分析,结果共记录到16目39科132种,较2005年增加了3科13种,为陕西黄河湿地鸟类资源保护提供了科学依据。