新围垦滩涂防护林树种选择及造林关键技术研究

新围垦滩涂防护林树种选择及造林一直是林业科研生产中的难点之一。在防护林树种试验过程中,依据生态学原理,通过采用一系列生物、工程和管理措施,提高了造林试验树种的成活率,探索出入侵生物水葫芦的应用途径及特困立地造林的有效措施,也为沿海防护林体系建设提供了可借鉴的经验。     

Organic matter inputs into headwater streams of southwestern British Columbia as a function of riparian reserves and time since harvesting

Riparian vegetation strongly influences the structure and function of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; therefore, harvest of riparian trees can profoundly impact these habitats. Riparian reserves (no harvest zones) are used world-wide to reduce these impacts, including effects on organic matter dynamics. There are, however, few experimental evaluations of their efficacy. Particulate organic matter delivery from riparian vegetation to streams, a critical ecosystem process, was measured over an eight year period after logging in southwestern British Columbia, Canada to quantify the relationship between these litter fluxes and riparian reserves (unlogged controls, 30 and 10-m wide uncut reserves, and clear-cuts). We hypothesized that the timing, composition and quantity of organic matter entering these streams would vary as a function of reserve width, but that these differences would decline with time since logging. We also hypothesized that inter-annual variation in precipitation patterns would partially contribute to litter dynamics. Riparian treatment significantly affected the quantity and composition of litter flux: inputs of needles and twigs were significantly lower and proportion of deciduous litter higher in clear-cut streams compared to other treatments. ANOVA models indicated that treatment differences in litter flux persisted through year 7 for some components of litter, while regression models indicated positive trends between reserve width and litter flux through year 8. This positive slope indicates the clear-cut treatment had yet to recover from logging. Variation in snowfall and plant succession contributed to temporal variation in litter flux; in some cases, litter inputs increased with annual snowfall. Another key finding from this study was that riparian reserves provided total litter inputs to streams that were similar to fully forested controls.     

盐胁迫下3种海滨植物形态和生理响应特征及耐盐性差异

[目的] 研究盐胁迫条件下3种海滨植物的生理生态动态响应特征及其耐盐性差异,为盐碱地绿化树种筛选提供科学依据。[方法] 以2年生中山杉、小叶榕和海滨木槿幼苗为材料进行为期56 d的盆栽试验,设置3个盐分梯度对其生长和形态、抗氧化酶系统以及渗透调节系统等指标的动态变化特征进行比较,并通过主成分分析来明确3种植物在耐盐性上的差异。[结果] 短期盐胁迫（14 d）对3种植物存活率、叶形和叶色影响较小,但长期盐胁迫（56 d）对小叶榕产生较大影响,盐胁迫下3种植物固定枝条相对生长率动态特征差异明显。3种植物叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性随着盐处理时间增加而呈现降低趋势,过氧化物酶（POD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性先增加后降低,丙二醛（MDA）含量呈现总体降低趋势。盐胁迫下3种植物叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均呈现先减少后增加的趋势,叶片相对电导率则随着盐浓度增加而显著提高。盐处理时间和物种的交互作用对SOD和POD活性以及MDA含量有显著影响,3种植物耐盐性主成分有明显差异,表明它们不同的耐盐响应特征。[结论] 3种植物的生态生理响应特征表明盐处理对小叶榕影响最大,中山杉次之,对海滨木槿影响最小,因此海滨木槿和中山杉有优先作为我国东部沿海地区盐碱地绿化树种的潜力。     

澳门海岸防护林多树种配置造林效果分析

对澳门凼仔岛海岸山地防护林造林地 (8年生 )进行调查 ,分析了林分保存率、林分生长量、各树种平均胸径、平均树高、林分土壤肥力和林分植被变化情况。认为海岸山地防护林营造多树种阔叶混交林是一种值得研究推广的林分改造模式     

发展观赏竹种繁荣沿海经济

从观赏竹的外形特征、内涵意义以及在园林绿化、园林建筑上的应用等方面对其观赏、利用价值作了论述;对在沿海地区发展观赏竹林的必要性及有利的自然、经济条件作了具体分析;将沿海地区(以福建为例)的观赏竹分为4大类进行具体应用;对在沿海地发展观赏竹种,繁荣沿海经济提出建议。     

种子大小和枯落物覆盖对黑松种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

2017年5月10日,将烟台沿海防护林内20～30年生黑松Pinus thunbergii母树的种子分为大粒、中粒和小粒播于花盆中,研究枯落物覆盖厚度(1 cm,2 cm,3 cm,4 cm)对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以阐明沿海黑松防护林幼苗建立的机制。结果表明:种子大小对发芽率、发芽指数有着极显著影响(P<0.01),对平均发芽时间、活力指数没有显著影响。大粒种子比中小粒种子有着低的发芽率和发芽指数。在生物量分配和根系特征上种子大小没有显著影响,但对幼苗高度和地径有显著的影响(P<0.05),都是大粒和中粒种子大于小粒种子。枯落物覆盖厚度对于种子萌发有显著影响(P<0.05),发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数都随枯落物厚度的增加而增加,平均发芽时间则逐渐降低;但对幼苗生物量、生物量分配和根系特征无显著影响。相关分析表明,苗高和地径与发芽指标、幼苗生物量分配相关性不显著,但与比根长和比根表面积成显著正相关。因此,种子大小和枯落物覆盖厚度是影响沿海黑松防护林天然更新的重要因素。     

Survival and long-term growth of eucalypts on semi-arid sites in a Mediterranean climate,South Africa§

Four experiments were established on the semi-arid west coast plain of South Africa during the 1990s. The trails tested the survival and growth of several eucalypt species and hybrids, some of which were established in a climate that is drier than their natural distribution range. The aridity indices (AI; defined as mean annual precipitation [MAP]/mean annual potential evapotranspiration) ranged from 0.21 to 0.36 and MAP from 228 to 423 mm. The driest trial site (AI = 0.21 and MAP = 228) had high levels of mortality. However, a number of species (in particular, Eucalyptus gomphocephala, E. camaldulensis and E. tereticornis, as well as individual hybrids of the latter two species with E. grandis) survived and grew well at the remaining sites. Eucalyptus cladocalyx survived well and attained competitive growth rates only on the wettest site in the group (AI = 0.36). The dominant height of the top-performing genotypes at age 5 ranged between 9 and 10 m on the two wetter sites. This corresponded to mean annual increment values in excess of 10 m³ ha^?1 a^?1, which is comparable to volume obtained at more favourable aridity indices in the summer rainfall zone of South Africa and exceeds the growth rates obtained in several other arid zone studies globally. The E. grandis × E. camaldulensis hybrid ranked among the top performers in two trials, but its susceptibility to recently introduced pests and relatively poor wood quality makes it a less attractive choice for planting. The high density and durability of timber, acceptable growth rate (given the low rainfall conditions), and low pest and disease incidence make E. gomphocephala and E. cladocalyx the species of choice for planting in the drier and relatively wetter sections of the semi-arid zone, respectively.     

Spatially Explicit Evaluation of Local Extractive Benefits from Mangrove Plantations in Bangladesh

Mangroves worldwide provide a wide range of ecosystem services utilized directly and indirectly by local peoples. Between 1966 and 2001, Bangladesh established approximately 148,000 ha of mangrove plantations in coastal areas within the Barisal and Chittagong Divisions. Though erosion and human encroachment and conversion have removed over two-thirds of these stands, the Forest Department has continued to undertake new plantation activities.

To investigate how and to what degree people directly utilize these mangroves, I conducted 340 household surveys across eight coastal villages located in close proximity to established plantations. The predominant direct use of the mangrove plantations by local rural communities is the extraction of detritus and nonmain stem material (e.g., limbs, leaves) for combustible fuel. This study uses household foraging distances to estimate and map net value densities based on reported market prices of extracted goods. The average extractive value of mangrove plantations is Tk 2,300 ha^?1 yr^?1, ranging among the villages from 300 to Tk 27,400 ha^?1 yr^?1, with values concentrated closer to the village. Cost-benefit analyses suggest that direct use values alone have justified the establishment and management of previously planted stands. However, other indirect values must be taken into account if these areas are to merit additional plantations.     

海岸基干林带作业设计新理念探索——以浙江瑞安市海岸基干林带建设为例

以浙江瑞安市海岸基干林带建设为例,在基干林带内部结构方面,提出海岸基干林带为生态系统聚集体的新理念,把生态系统作为构成海岸基干林带的基本单元。瑞安市海岸基干林带通过扩充基干林带规模,增加水面空间,形成林水交融的多系统综合体,显著提高基干林带的防风滞浪滞洪功能;在基干林带功能定位方面,提出在强化基干林带防风护岸基本功能的前提下,加强基干林带滞洪泄洪和景观美化功能,建设具有复合功能的新型基干林带。瑞安市海岸基干林带充分利用林水交融的景观特点,加强观花、观叶、观果树种的营造,实现休闲娱乐空间在防护林带中的合理布局,不仅赋予基干林带生态防护功能,而且使其具有独特的生态旅游功能,与基干林带周边发达的社会经济条件相衔接,提高基干林带的自我经营能力。     

海南沿海防护林体系现状及建设对策

介绍海南省自然地理概况及沿海防护林体系概况.分析沿海防护林体系目前存在着不合理的开发造成的断带现象严重,林带质量不高,防护效能低下,营林技术手段落后,个别地方仍存在毁林行为等问题.提出了科学规划、合理布局,依靠科技,强化树种选择,创新资金投入机制,以法制林、强化管理等对策.