鄱阳湖湿地生态系统功能评价及其利用保护对策

鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区位于中国第一大淡水湖———鄱阳湖西北角,是生物多样性非常丰富的国际重要湿地。保护区总面积22400hm2,栖息的鸟类有310种,数量多达数100000只。论述了鄱阳湖湿地的生物多样性,对其功能进行了综合概述和评价,针对其面临的主要生态问题,提出了相应的合理利用和保护对策。     

Farmland birds and resource protection in the UK: Cross-cutting solutions for multi-functional farming?

Farmland bird declines in Europe are well documented. In the UK, agri-environment schemes are key mechanisms for reversing the declines of birds and other farmland biodiversity, but recent reviews suggest that wet habitats might be a gap in provision by these schemes. Important resources provided by wet habitats include: (i) damp soil, for probing species; (ii) permanent water to provide water-dependent invertebrates, as a source of food; (iii) bare or sparsely vegetated ground in the draw-down zone, to improve access to food; (iv) rank emergent vegetation for nesting. However, wet habitats have been lost from farmland as a result of loss of ponds and filling of ditches, as well as the effective removal of water from fields by surface run-off, itself affected by soil compaction, and extensive under-field drainage. The efficient removal of water from fields can cause problems downstream, both through flooding, and diffuse pollution. Regular farmland pollutants include pesticides, nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment, leading to environmental problems such as eutrophication and reduced quality of drinking water. Major new political instruments, such as the Water Framework Directive, will aim to reduce the impact of this diffuse pollution from agriculture. A variety of solutions to diffuse pollution, such as conservation tillage, buffer strips at field edges, and small constructed wetlands, could simultaneously provide some of the resources required by farmland birds. We suggest that future agri-environment schemes, to be truly multifunctional, could focus on bringing these diverse objectives together.     

上虞市沿海防护林主要害虫种类与防治对策

上虞市沿海防护林建设始于上个世纪七十年代,笔者对上虞市沿海防护林历年来病虫危害情况、防治措施及防治效果考察记录进行了总结,发现近10年来上虞市沿海防护林主要受黄刺蛾、杨扇舟蛾、樟巢螟、桑天牛、星天牛、云斑天牛、黑蚱蝉等7种害虫的危害,并提出了相应的防治对策。     

滩涂互花米草除治技术研究

针对福建沿海滩涂外来物种互花米草疯长成灾问题,通过使用滩涂米草除控剂、种植秋茄等方法对互花米草进行除治技术研究,结果表明:在4-7月退潮后,用滩涂米草除控剂300-400 g稀水10 kg液均匀喷湿互花米草茎叶,2个月后叶枯根烂,次年4月下旬在除草迹地插植秋茄胚轴,幼树长势良好,为建设海峡西岸滩涂绿色屏障提供技术支撑.     

沿海林带木麻黄营林技术及造林成效

文章阐述了木麻黄沿海林带改进营林技术措施,包括育苗技术和造林技术,并分析了造林成效.文章认为加快沿海基干林带的修复进程,提高建设质量,改进营林技术措施是关键.文章提出的改进营林技术值得推广应用.     

Core terrestrial habitat for conservation of local populations of salamanders and wood frogs in agricultural landscapes

Pond-breeding amphibians require aquatic and terrestrial habitats to complete their lifecycles, and preservation of both habitats is necessary for maintaining local populations. Current wetland regulations focus primarily on aquatic habitats, and criteria to define critical upland habitats and regulations to protect them are often ambiguous or lacking. We examined the association between the presence of seven pond-breeding amphibian species and the landscape composition surrounding 54 wetlands located within the Till Plains and the Glaciated Plateau ecoregions of Ohio, USA. We quantified landscape composition within 200 m of the wetland (“core terrestrial zone”) and the area extending from 200 m to 1 km from the wetland (“broader landscape context zone”). We constructed binary logistic regression models for each species, and evaluated them using Akaike Information Criterion. Presence of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum), Jefferson's salamander complex (A. jeffersonianum) and smallmouth salamanders (A. texanum) was positively associated with the amount of forest within the core zone. Presence of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) was positively associated with the amount of forest within the core zone and the amount of forest within the broader landscape context zone. Presence of tiger salamanders (A. tigrinum tigrinum) was negatively associated with the cumulative length of paved roads within 1 km of the site, and presence of red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus v. viridescens) was negatively associated with the average linear distance to the five nearest wetlands. Overall salamander diversity was positively associated with the amount of forest within the core zone, and negatively associated with the presence of predatory fish and cumulative length of paved roads within 1 km of the site. Our results confirm the strong association between the structure of surrounding upland areas and amphibian diversity at breeding ponds, and stress the importance of preserving core terrestrial habitat around wetlands for maintaining amphibian diversity.     

Enzymatic activities in constructed wetlands and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) biodegradation

The bioaccumulation of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) from industrial products and their mutagenic action has been suggested to be a potential threat to human health. The effects of the most frequently identified PAE, Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and its biodegradation, were examined by comparison of two small scale plots (SSP) of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands. The influent DBP concentration was 9.84 mg l⁻¹ in the treatment plot and the control plot received no DBP. Soil enzymatic activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase, urease, cellulase, β-glucosidase, were measured in the two SSP after DBP application for 1 month and 2 months, and 1 month after the final application. Both treatment and control had significantly higher enzyme activity in the surface soil than in the subsurface soil (P<0.001) and greater enzyme activity in the down-flow chamber than in the up-flow chamber (P<0.05). In the constructed wetlands, DBP enhanced the activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase and inhibited the activities of urease, cellulase and β-glucosidase. However, urease, cellulase, β-glucosidase activities were restored 1 month following the final DBP addition. Degradation of DBP was greater in the surface soil and was reduced in sterile soil, indicating that this process may be mediated by aerobic microorgansims. DBP degradation fitted a first-order model, and the kinetic equation showed that the rate constant was 0.50 and 0.17 d⁻¹, the half-life was 1.39 and 4.02 d, and the r² was 0.99 and 0.98, in surface and subsurface soil, respectively. These results indicate that constructed wetlands are able to biodegrade organic PAEs such as DBP.     

沿海平原南方型杨树生长特性

连续３ａ的试验研究表明，南方型杨树在宁波沿海平原地区的年生长可分为４个时期，即生长前期，速生期Ｉ，速生期Ⅱ和生长后期，生长过程能较好地用Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ生长曲线拟合。树高，胸径和材积的速生期分别在２～６ａ，３～７ａ和４～９ａ。土壤含盐量对杨树生长有抑制作用，但与其他平原树种相比仍表现出显著的速生特性。与我国南方型杨树引种区生长比较，宁波市沿海平原属适宜引种区。     

我国东中西片农作制特征与战略优先序

在以县域为单元的中国农作制区划的基础上，将全国划分为三大片：东部沿海片、中部平原片和西部高原生态脆弱片。分析讨论了这三大片的农作制特征与战略优先序，以为宏观决策参考。     

滩涂盐碱土壤微生物生态特征的研究

采集江苏省滨海县滩涂盐碱地土壤,以菜园土壤作为对照,系统研究了微生物区系及生态、生理特征.结果表明,盐碱土壤微生物区系和对照相比发生了重大变化,除细菌数量与对照无显著差异外,真菌、放线菌、解磷菌及钾细菌数量分别比对照土壤低1.57倍、22.34倍、5.59倍及259.39倍,达极显著差异;盐碱土基础呼吸作用、微生物生物量碳分别比对照低1.01倍(达极显著差异)、0.94倍(达显著差异),但基础代谢商(qCO2)却和对照无显著差异;盐碱土过氧化氢酶活性比对照低1.19倍,而脲酶活性却比对照高0.41倍,均达极显著差异.