环境因子对海防林土壤呼吸速率的影响

 为了揭示土壤呼吸的日间变化规律,寻找影响土壤呼吸速率强弱的生态因子,从而为海防林的造林营林技术提供重要依据,对胶南沿海混交林和灌木林的土壤呼吸速率及各环境因子进行研究。2种海防林林地土壤呼吸速率的日变化均呈现出单峰式的变化规律,灌木林的土壤呼吸速率明显高于混交林。地表温度是对土壤呼吸速率影响最大的环境因子之一,它与混交林和灌木林的土壤呼吸速率分别呈极显著和显著正相关关系。空气相对湿度与混交林土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关,风速与灌木林土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关。通过主成分分析和多元线性回归方法,得到了影响海防林土壤呼吸速率的主要环境因子及与土壤呼吸速率之间的多元回归模型。     

长株潭城市群湿地景观时空动态变化及驱动力分析

针对长株潭城市群的湿地景观面积迅速减少、破碎化程度增加等情况,该文基于时间序列Landsat数据及物候特征参数,采用面向对象方法的随机森林算法获得了长株潭城市群2000-2015年湿地时空格局及变化数据,利用景观格局指数、质心迁移等方法分析了近16 a来长株潭城市群湿地时空格局及变化特征,并通过Logistics回归模型分析了城市群湿地演化的驱动力因素。研究结果表明:1)湿地类型主要为人工湿地水田,其次为河流湿地与库塘湿地,湖泊湿地与苔草沼泽分布面积相对较小;2)2000-2015年研究区湿地总面积呈减少趋势,减少231.12 km~2,减少6.64%,同时湿地的空间转移也十分剧烈。3)研究期间,长株潭城市群湿地景观破碎度在呈增强趋势,且景观形状也趋于复杂。同时,研究区景观连通性在不断降低,而景观丰富度在不断增加。4)研究期间,长株潭城市群5种湿地类型的质心在均发生了不同程度的的迁移,其中河流、库塘和水田的质心迁移相对较大,湖泊的质心位置相对稳定。5)长株潭城市群地区降水量的减少及气温的升高,加之高强度人类干扰是近年来湿地变化的主要原因,其中人类活动加剧了湿地变化的复杂性和差异性。该研究可为长株潭城市群湿地资源的可持续发展提供科学、可靠的数据支持。     

融合面向对象与缨帽变换的湿地覆被类别遥感提取方法

为了有效提取湿地覆被类别遥感信息,该文基于国产环境星影像(HJ-CCD)和Landsat7遥感影像(ETM)提出了一种融合面向对象技术和缨帽变换的提取湿地覆被信息的方法,并对东洞庭湖区的湿地进行提取。遥感提取结果的总体精度90.02%,Kappa系数0.88,高于传统的分类方法分类的量化结果;获得的结果没有"椒盐现象"且比较紧致。试验结果表明融合面向对象和缨帽变换的方法能够有效的提取湿地覆被类别,精度高,效果好。研究结果为有效地利用遥感手段提取湿地覆被信息提供参考。     

黄河三角洲人类活动强度的湿地景观格局梯度响应

为了研究黄河三角洲湿地景观格局沿人类活动强度的梯度变化规律,该文基于土地科学和景观生态学原理,在RS、Arc GIS和FRAGSTATS软件支持下,以1989、1999、2009和2014年四期遥感影像为数据源,利用人工目视解译方法构建研究区景观类型图。基于解译结果,选取耕地、工矿用地、居民点和交通用地等土地利用指标来反映人类活动强度,采用自然间断法将人类活动强度从强到弱分带。文章分析了黄河三角洲不同人类活动强度样带不同时期的湿地景观格局变化特征,以及2014年主要景观类型的格局特征对人类活动强度的梯度响应。结果表明:人类的干扰活动使得不同景观类型在人类活动强度各样带表现出明显的空间差异。在景观水平上,随着人类活动强度的降低,样带景观的丰富度和斑块数增加,2009年斑块数量达到8 000个;多样性和均匀度指数呈先增后减趋势,景观聚集度和连通性持续增加,在第10样带达到99.42%,破碎化程度不断降低;在类型水平上,水库坑塘、水产养殖场、盐田和未利用地在梯度带中较好地反映了景观格局的变化特征,其中各景观类型的形状指数和分维数随人类活动强度的梯度变化呈现明显的变化趋势,景观形状趋于复杂化,面积比例、斑块密度和最大斑块指数的梯度变化较大,波动明显,盐田在人类干扰最大时斑块指数达到26%。该文揭示了景观格局沿人类活动强度的梯度变化规律,可为研究区湿地生态恢复及可持续利用提供参考。     

Determining tolerance limits for restoration and phytoremediation with Spartina patens in crude oil-contaminated sediment in greenhouse

Oil spills may detrimentally damage sensitive coastal habitats, such as coastal wetlands. Successful restoration of oiled habitats primarily depends on the tolerance of vegetation transplants to oil. In this study, tolerance limits of the dominant coastal brackish marsh plant Spartina patens to South Louisiana crude (SLC) oil and its phytoremediation effectiveness on petroleum hydrocarbons in wetland sediments were investigated in the greenhouse environment. Spartina patens was transplanted into brackish marsh sediments contaminated with SLC oil at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640 and 800 mg SLC oil g^?1 dry sediment. High oil concentrations adversely affected plant stem density, aboveground biomass and belowground biomass even one year after transplantation. At the 320 mg g^?1 oil dosage, plant belowground biomass was significantly lower than the control although aboveground variables were not significantly different from the control. All plant parameters mentioned above at the 640 mg g^?1 oil dosage were less than 50% of the control. Spartina patens did not survive the 800 mg g^?1 oil dosage. The tolerance limit of S. patens to SLC was estimated about 320 mg oil g^?1 dry sediment. In addition, S. patens transplants enhanced oil degradation in the sediment; concentrations of residual total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the sediments vegetated by S. patens were significantly lower than those of un-vegetated sediments for both the surface and subsurface sediment at the 40 and 160 mg g^?1 SLC oil dosages. Decreases in the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) further demonstrated the capacity of S. patens to phytoremediate residual oil; residual total targeted PAHs in the phytoremediation treatment were less than 20% of the un-vegetated treatment at the 40 mg g^?1 oil dosage. These results demonstrated the potential of phytoremediation with S. patens to simultaneously restore and remediate petroleum-contaminated coastal marsh habitats.     

Bacterial community structure of nirK-bearing denitrifiers and the development of properties of soils in created mitigation wetlands

We investigated the abundance and genetic heterogeneity of bacterial nitrite reductase genes (nir) and soil structural properties in created and natural freshwater wetlands in the Virginia piedmont. Soil attributes included soil organic matter (SOM), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), pH, gravimetric soil moisture (GSM), and bulk density (D_b). A subset of soil attributes were analyzed across the sites, using euclidean cluster analysis, resulting in three soil condition (SC) groups of increasing wetland soil development (i.e., SC1 < SC2 < SC3; less to more developed or matured) as measured by accumulation of TOC, TN, the increase of GSM, and the decrease of D_b. There were no difference found in the bacterial community diversity between the groups (p = 0.4). NirK gene copies detected ranged between 3.6 × 10⁴ and 3.4 × 10⁷ copies g⁻¹ soil and were significantly higher in the most developed soil group, SC3, than in the least developed soil group, SC1. However, the gene copies were lowest in SC2 that had a significantly higher soil pH (~6.6) than the other two SC groups (~5.3). The same pattern was found in denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) on a companion study where DEA was found negatively correlated with soil pH. Gene fragments were amplified and products were screened by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Among 146 different T-RFs identified, fourteen were dominant and together made up more than 65% of all detected fragments. While SC groups did not relate to whole nirK communities, most soil properties that identified SC groups did significantly correlate to dominant members of the community.     

Enzymatic activities in constructed wetlands and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) biodegradation

The bioaccumulation of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) from industrial products and their mutagenic action has been suggested to be a potential threat to human health. The effects of the most frequently identified PAE, Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and its biodegradation, were examined by comparison of two small scale plots (SSP) of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands. The influent DBP concentration was 9.84 mg l⁻¹ in the treatment plot and the control plot received no DBP. Soil enzymatic activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase, urease, cellulase, β-glucosidase, were measured in the two SSP after DBP application for 1 month and 2 months, and 1 month after the final application. Both treatment and control had significantly higher enzyme activity in the surface soil than in the subsurface soil (P<0.001) and greater enzyme activity in the down-flow chamber than in the up-flow chamber (P<0.05). In the constructed wetlands, DBP enhanced the activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase and inhibited the activities of urease, cellulase and β-glucosidase. However, urease, cellulase, β-glucosidase activities were restored 1 month following the final DBP addition. Degradation of DBP was greater in the surface soil and was reduced in sterile soil, indicating that this process may be mediated by aerobic microorgansims. DBP degradation fitted a first-order model, and the kinetic equation showed that the rate constant was 0.50 and 0.17 d⁻¹, the half-life was 1.39 and 4.02 d, and the r² was 0.99 and 0.98, in surface and subsurface soil, respectively. These results indicate that constructed wetlands are able to biodegrade organic PAEs such as DBP.     

广东沿岸牡蛎体内总汞含量变动趋势及其健康风险评价

为保障水产品质量安全和保护广东近岸海洋生态环境,于2004—2010年对广东沿岸17个主要港湾的海水养殖牡蛎进行了采样,运用原子荧光光谱法监测其总汞含量,并结合1989—1993年的历史监测数据分析了广东近岸海域总体及粤东、珠江口和粤西三大主要海区牡蛎体内汞的时空分布规律,应用单因子指数法和人体暴露风险系数法（HQ）评价了牡蛎体汞含量对人体暴露的健康风险。结果表明,1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内汞含量的检出率为100%,变化范围为（0.080±0.114）mg·kg-（1湿重,下同）。单因子指数评价结果与风险系数（HQ）评价结果一致。上世纪80年代末（1989年）广东海域牡蛎体内汞含量处于污染水平,健康风险系数较大（HQ=3.39×10-2）;90年代（1991—1993年）牡蛎体内汞含量逐年降低,健康风险显著降低（HQ=2.23×10-2,P〈0.05）;2004年以来,全海域的牡蛎体内汞含量一直稳定地维持在较低水平（[0.012±0.006）mg·kg-1];粤东、珠江口海域牡蛎体内含量稳定下降,粤西海域降幅有所减小。2006—2010年,人均摄取牡蛎软组织20g·d-1,每年食用200d,食用20a后,在人均寿命70岁的时间内,其健康风险系数HQ为0.13×10-2,食用安全,不存在潜在的危害性,食用广东沿海牡蛎对人体日均总汞允许摄入限量的贡献率仅为0.13%。     

长期种植大棚蔬菜对涂地土壤生物学性质的影响

在浙东滨海平原选择连作时间为3～4年,8～10年和20年以上的大棚蔬菜地及蔬菜-水稻轮作8～10年和20年以上的大棚蔬菜地,同时选择刚围垦和经围垦改良脱盐的其他农地作为对照,分析研究不同种植年限和种植模式蔬菜地土壤微生物区系和酶活性,探讨长期种植蔬菜对涂地土壤生物学性质的影响。结果表明,围垦涂地种植蔬菜3～4年内,土壤有机质、氮和磷的全量和有效态、土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物数量、土壤酶活性均呈现增加的趋势,土壤质量明显改善;连作蔬菜8～10年后,土壤速效养分继续呈增加趋势,但土壤盐分显著积累,同时土壤生物学性质明显恶化（细菌和放线菌数量减少、真菌数量增加、土壤酶活性降低、土壤微生物生物量碳降低）。与连作相比,轮作可显著地防止土壤生物学性质的恶化。磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）的方法研究也表明,蔬菜种植时间、种植方式（连作、轮作）对土壤生物学性质有很大的影响。     

滨海重盐碱地人工栽植柽柳生长动态及生态效应

柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)是盐碱地土壤改良和植被构建的先锋物种,但仅靠柽柳的自然扩散难以在滨海重盐碱地形成灌木优势群落,对盐碱地的改良作用不明显,因此探索重盐碱地人工栽植柽柳的生态效应有重要意义。本研究以撂荒地为对照,对不同树龄的人工柽柳群落的个体生物量、碳储量动态、植物物种组成及其重要值和土壤特性进行分析,以评估重盐碱地栽植柽柳的生态效应。结果显示:3年生、5年生和7年生柽柳个体单株生物量逐渐增加,群落的植被碳密度分别为4.78 t(C)·hm 2、5.56 t(C)·hm 2和6.89 t(C)·hm 2,而对照撂荒地碳密度只有0.98 t(C)·hm 2;与对照地相比,栽植柽柳显著降低了土壤表层的含盐量,对照地土壤0～10 cm的平均盐分含量高达10.53 g·kg 1,而3年生、5年生和7年生0～10 cm土壤平均含盐量分别为3.35g·kg 1、1.86 g·kg 1和5.54 g·kg 1。栽植柽柳后土壤有机质和有效氮呈增高趋势,有效钾含量显著增加,7年生柽柳土壤0～5 cm和5～15 cm的有效钾含量分别比对照地高出65.59%和28.90%。随着柽柳树龄增加群落中草本植物的丰富度逐渐升高,对照地的草本物种只有8种,7年生柽柳群落达到15种;耐盐物种在群落中的重要值随着栽植的时间逐渐降低,盐地碱篷的重要值由34.8下降到0.7,以种子兼营养繁殖的植物如獐毛和苦荬菜的优势度逐渐增大。这证明,重盐碱地人工栽植柽柳可以快速构建灌木优势群落,固碳作用明显;同时栽植柽柳为生态系统提供了进展演替的动力,灌草结合的群落结构和稳定的群落环境不仅促进盐碱地土壤表层盐分含量的降低,也促进了物种多样性的增加和群落的进展演替,是提高滨海重盐碱地利用率的有效途径。