水氮耦合对滴灌复播油葵光合特性和土壤水分利用的影响

为了解水氮耦合对新疆北部石河子地区滴灌复播油葵光合特性和土壤水分利用的影响,以当地油葵主栽早熟品种新葵杂五号为试料,在滴灌条件下进行水氮两因素三水平完全处理小区试验。结果表明,滴灌复播油葵耕层耗水量随生育进程的变化规律为:开花期现蕾期灌浆期苗期成熟期,现蕾期和开花期是2个需水关键期,尤其开花期对水分最敏感;耕层(0~40cm)耗水量随灌水定额和施氮量的增加而增大;灌水量3 000 m~3·hm~(-2)、纯施氮量232 kg·hm~(-2)的水氮组合在土壤水分利用效率和油葵产量方面表现出显著的耦合效果。本研究为寻求滴灌复播油葵高效水氮优化方案和水氮高效利用提供了科学依据。     

The fate of fluroxypyr in the soil in an oil palm agroecosystem

A study on the fate of fluroxypyr in Malaysian agricultural soils was carried out under natural conditions in an oil palm plantation. Three experimental plots in the oil palm estate were selected and three types of treatments were administered, namely fluroxypyr at the recommended dosage, double the recommended rate, and the untreated control. Residues of fluroxypyr in the soil, water, and oil palm leaf were monitored at regular intervals up to 90 days after treatment (DAT). The recovery of fluroxypyr in the water and soil samples ranged from 91–102% when fortified at 1–25 p.p.b. and 91–98% when fortified at 4–50 p.p.b. The recovery from the oil palm leaf ranged from 76–114% when the oil palm leaf sample was fortified at 0.05–1.0 p.p.m. The results showed that fluroxypyr leached down to 50 cm depth at 1 DAT when the plots were treated with either dosage. However, fluroxypyr was not detected in the soil residue at 14 and 21 DAT. Fluroxypyr was not detected in the oil palm leaf samples irrespective of the rates of herbicide application or sampling intervals. The residue of fluroxypyr was detected in water from a nearby stream up to 5 DAT at levels ranging from 0.06–0.21 µg L⁻¹. This result suggests that fluroxypyr persists for a short period in the soil and water ecosystems, but not in the oil palm leaf.     

油菜籽预处理工艺对粕残油率的影响

通过扫描电镜研究了油菜籽原料、高低粕残油率挤压膨化试样及传统螺旋压榨试样的显微组织结构.结果表明:粕残油率低的试样经挤压膨化后细胞壁破坏充分,物料膨化效果好,有利于溶剂油与油脂的迅速充分接触,从而提高油脂浸出速度、降低粕残油率(＜1%);相反,粕残油率高的试样细胞壁没有被充分破坏,传统压榨工艺试样组织结构坚实细密不利于油脂浸出,粕残油率相对较高(＞9%).     

未来十年我国管道工业的发展态势

对未来十年我国的天然气、原油和成品油管道的建设发展趋势进行了分析和预测,认为随着我国能源结构的调整,天然气管道的建设和利用将得到迅速发展.对高等级管道钢的应用进行了重点研究与分析,认为经过优化设计,高等级管道钢可以应用于输气管道.在输油气管道的管理、老管道的维护和参与国际市场竞争等方面,提出了改进管理体制、采取有效维护手段和掌握国际竞争技巧的意见.     

Concentration of α-Linoleic Acid of Perilla Oil by Gradient Cooling Urea Inclusion

In this study, production of ct-linoleic acid concentrated from crude perilla oil by gradient cooling urea inclusion was optimized. The fatty acid composition was determined after ethyl esterification by gas chromatography （GC）. In this process, orthogonal experiment was carried out. Under optimum conditions, the maximum amount of α-linoleic acid （91.5%） was obtained at a urea to fatty acid ratio of 3, a solvent to fatty acids ratio of 7, a reaction temperature of 348 K and a crystallization time of 690 min. A simple method of gradient cooling urea inclusion was used to purify α-linolenic acid by using urea to form inclusion complexes with the saturated and the less unsaturated fatty acids, which enhanced the purity of α-linoleic acid ethyl ester by above 90%.     

Ecological implications of motor oil pollution: Earthworm survival and soil health

The nontarget effects of fresh and used motor oil were studied in a soil test system involving such criteria as earthworm survival, response of soil dehydrogenase and urease, and nitrification. When earthworms were exposed to motor oil-contaminated soil for 4 weeks, the observed median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) were 40.33 and 3.88 g kg⁻¹ soil for fresh and used oil, respectively. Only fresh motor oil application increased earthworms' body weight even at the higher dose of 19 g kg⁻¹ soil. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that used motor oil contained more of aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals than fresh oil. This disparity in the chemical composition might be the factor responsible for the significant toxicity of used motor oil towards earthworms. Activities of soil dehydrogenase and urease were significantly enhanced in presence of both the motor oils, while there was a significant inhibition in nitrification by the used motor oil even at a low concentration of 0.2 g kg⁻¹ soil. This study clearly demonstrated that earthworm survival and nitrification could serve as suitable indices to assess motor oil pollution in soil.     

植物精油对动物的促生长作用及作用机制研究进展

伴随着抗生素滥用导致的细菌抗药性问题的出现,各种抗生素替代品的开发与利用取得了一定的进展。植物精油作为一种健康、环保并具有多种功效的新型饲料添加剂在畜牧生产中已经越来越多地被重视和认可。对植物精油的定义、来源、抗菌作用及其在动物生产中的应用以及存在问题进行了综述,旨为植物精油在畜牧生产中的合理应用提供理论依据。     

菜籽油制备生物柴油共溶剂的选择

生物柴油作为燃油替代品可以从食用油中大量获得,从而解决将来石油匮乏问题。针对菜籽油制备生物柴油酯的交换反应中,甲醇与菜籽油呈两相不互溶的主要问题,研究了添加共溶剂,使反应体系均相来提高反应速率与效率。以所选溶剂与甲醇的混合液为溶剂,菜籽油作溶质,分别在常温和60℃下做三元溶解度试验,选出乙醇、乙醚、四氢呋喃、1,2-环氧丙烷进行下一步比较;以普通菜籽油为原料,以甲醇为酰基受体,在加入不同共溶剂的条件下,进行碱催化酯交换反应,以酯化率和反应时间为考察指标,对共溶剂进行优选,发现以乙醇为共溶剂时,酯化率比空白提高了21.0%,且高于其他溶剂。研究结果表明,甲醇与乙醇的最佳摩尔比为3∶1。     

超声波辅助提取洋葱精油的工艺优化

为更好地开发利用洋葱,以洋葱精油得率为评价指标,考察萃取溶剂种类、料液比、萃取温度、萃取时间和超声波功率对精油得率的影响,并在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验优化其工艺条件。结果表明:在以二氯甲烷为萃取溶剂、萃取温度35℃、萃取时间4h、料液比1∶1、超声波功率70%的条件下,洋葱精油的得率最高,为0.85%。与传统的溶剂浸提法相比,超声波辅助提取的洋葱精油得率为普通溶剂萃取法的3.86倍。     

杜梨花挥发油化学成分的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法从杜梨花中提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱法对化学成分进行鉴定。共分离出46个峰,确定了其中的45种,所鉴定化合物的含量占全油的87.84%,主要化学成分为:二十一烷(60.05%);二十八烷(4.48%);(E,E)-3,7,11-三甲基-2,6,10-三烯十二-1-醇(4.43%);6,10,14-三甲基-2-十五酮(2.27%);2-甲氧基[1]苯噻吩-[2,3-c]喹啉-6(5H)-酮(1.98%);Iron,monocarbonyl-(1,3-butad iene-1,4-d icarbon ic ac id,d iethyl ester)a,a'-d ipyridyl(1.61%);[(2-氟苯)甲基]-1H-嘌呤-6-胺(1.07%);1,2-苯二羧酸-二异辛酯(1.02%)。以上八种化合物占总挥发油的76.91%,所得挥发油为淡黄色油状物,具有浓郁的芳香气味。