美洲斑潜蝇自然种群生命表及飞行能力的研究

美洲斑潜蝇ＬｉｒｉｏｍｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａｅＢｒａｎｃｈ．田间自然种群中,幼虫期的死亡率最高,１、２、３龄幼虫平均死亡率分别为４８．１４％、５０．８６％、７８．９７％,幼虫期被寄生蜂寄生的概率随龄期的增大而增高,从１龄的１．４４％上升到３龄的６０．８８％。应用微型昆虫飞行磨（Ｆｌｉｓｈｔｍｉｌｌ）计算机联机装置对不同日龄成虫的飞行能力进行了测试,结果表明：雌虫飞行能力随日龄的增大而增强,３日龄最大连续飞行的时间为８．８３分钟,距离为２７２．９３ｍ。雄虫以２日龄成虫飞行能力最强,最长的一次连续飞行时间可达２５．００分钟,距离为８８２．８８ｍ。     

密度与氮肥配合对垄沟覆膜栽培冬小麦干物质累积及产量的影响

为协调冬小麦个-群体间关系,建立适宜的群体结构,充分发挥旱作条件下垄沟栽培优势,以小偃22为材料,采用二元二次旋转组合设计,通过2年田间试验研究了垄沟覆膜、垄下集中施肥模式下种植密度与施氮量对冬小麦个-群体间干物质累积及产量的影响。结果表明,个体干物质累积量随种植密度的增加呈降低趋势。2008～2009年群体干物质累积量随种植密度的增加而减小;2009～2010年群体干物质累积量随种植密度的增加而增加。花期单茎干物质累积量不受施氮量的影响;而成熟期个体干物质累积量随施氮量的增加而增加。冬小麦群体干物质累积量均随施氮量的增加而增加。冬小麦能够通过分蘖调节自身的群体结构,不能盲目的通过增加播种量增加小麦群体密度;适量的增施氮肥有利于个体与群体发育。本试验条件下,冬小麦品种小偃22在中等密度（112 kg/hm2）与较高施氮量（N 201～214 kg/hm2）配置时,个群体关系比较协调,个体发育健壮,群体干物质累积量和产量较高。     

三种群银鲫的RAPD分析初报

利用２０个随机引物对产于方正、彭泽和淇河地区的三个银鲫种群进行了ＲＡＰＤ检测结果显示１４个引物的扩增效果良好,单一引物扩增的ＤＮＡ片段数在２￣１３条之间,片段长度在３００￣４０００ｂｐ之间。根据ＲＡＰＤ结果,进行了银鲫种群内、种群间的遗传差异分析。１４个引物中,引物ＯＰＶ－０７、ＯＰＶ－１４和ＯＰＶ－２０等对三种群银鲫扩增出的指纹图谱差异显著,可作为银鲫种群鉴定的分子标记。     

Population pharmacokinetics of methadone hydrochloride after a single intramuscular administration in adult Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon)

ObjectiveTo assess the population pharmacokinetics of methadone in deer.Study designProspective non-randomized experimental trial.AnimalsTwelve healthy adult sika deer (nine males and three females).MethodsDeer received intramuscular administration of racemic methadone hydrochloride at 0.5 mg kg⁻¹ or 1 mg kg⁻¹. Plasma methadone and its metabolite 2-Ethylidene-1,5-Dimethyl-3,3-Diphenyl-Pyrolidine (EDDP) concentrations were determined by validated liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry methods, at times 0, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Population pharmacokinetics analysis was undertaken using a non-linear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM).ResultsA two-compartment linear disposition model best described observed time-concentration profiles of methadone and EDDP. Population parameter estimates of methadone were elimination clearance (17.3 L hour⁻¹), metabolic clearance (34.6 L hour⁻¹), volume of distribution of compartment 1 (216.0 L) and volume of distribution of compartment 2 (384.0 L). Population parameter estimates of EDDP were elimination clearance (121.0 L hour⁻¹), volume of distribution of compartment 3 (1.08 L) and volume of distribution of compartment 4 (499.5 L). The total clearance and total volume of distribution of methadone and EDDP were 51.9 L hour⁻¹, 121.0 L hour ⁻¹, 600.0 L and 500.6 L, respectively. The methadone terminal elimination half-life was 8.19 hours. No adverse effects were observed after methadone administration.Conclusions and Clinical relevanceFollowing intramuscular injection, methadone was characterized by a large total volume of distribution, high systemic clearance and intermediate terminal half-life in sika deer.     

春麦田除草剂的应用与杂草群落演替

作者采用定点定位试验,对春麦田除草剂应用与杂草群落演替趋势进行研究。结果表明:在杂草群落多样性麦田,小麦连作并分别连续5年施用同一种除草剂,原杂草群落中占优势的靶标杂草得以控制,而非靶标杂草和抗、耐药性杂草因失去竞争和制约对象而猖獗发展,发生量较原来增加几倍至几十倍,并形成优势种群,对小麦造成新的更严重的危害。一种除草剂在同田块连续施用4年,由于杂草群落演替,抗、耐药杂草兴起,除草效果显著下降而失去其使用意义。作者提出除草剂配套使用、轮用、混用等措施,并配合以合理的轮作制度,以减轻杂草群落长期受到单一的定向选择性压力。     

Density,Demography, and Influential Environmental Factors on Overwintering Populations of Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in Southern Yunnan,China

Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is the most serious pest on rice in southwestern China. Yunnan province is within this region and is a major overwintering area for S. furcifera in China. This field study was carried out over 4 yr (2010–2013) and focused on S. furcifera distribution, population density, and demography, as well as the relationship between various environmental factors and the distribution and density of overwintering S. furcifera in Yunnan. Our study demonstrated that overwintering populations of S. furcifera mainly occurred in valleys and lowlands below 25.02°N and 1,680 m above sea level (a.s.l.), where ratooning rice was present. The overwintering range of S. furcifera has expanded in Yunnan compared with 20 yr ago, and regional climate change is believed to be the main contributing cause for this expansion. Environmental factor analysis showed that the mean air temperature of the coldest quarter and precipitation of the coldest quarter were two key factors that were strongly linked to the overwintering distribution and density of S. furcifera in Yunnan. Wintertime temperature was the principal influencing factor to determine the distribution and density of S. furcifera, while the effect of precipitation was indirect in that it influenced the insect’s distribution via its host. This study documented the major overwintering areas of S. furcifera in Yunnan, which can be used to predict outbreak potential in the following spring. Hence, key climatic factors, overwintering distribution, and density of S. furcifera should be used when forecasting outbreaks in spring.     

Impact of rewilding,species introductions and climate change on the structure and function of the Yukon boreal forest ecosystem

Community and ecosystem changes are happening in the pristine boreal forest ecosystem of the Yukon for 2 reasons. First, climate change is affecting the abiotic environment (temperature, rainfall and growing season) and driving changes in plant productivity and predator–prey interactions. Second, simultaneously change is occurring because of mammal species reintroductions and rewilding. The key ecological question is the impact these faunal changes will have on trophic dynamics. Primary productivity in the boreal forest is increasing because of climatic warming, but plant species composition is unlikely to change significantly during the next 50–100 years. The 9–10‐year population cycle of snowshoe hares will persist but could be reduced in amplitude if winter weather increases predator hunting efficiency. Small rodents have increased in abundance because of increased vegetation growth. Arctic ground squirrels have disappeared from the forest because of increased predator hunting efficiency associated with shrub growth. Reintroductions have occurred for 2 reasons: human reintroductions of large ungulates and natural recolonization of mammals and birds extending their geographic ranges. The deliberate rewilding of wood bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus canadensis) has changed the trophic structure of this boreal ecosystem very little. The natural range expansion of mountain lions (Puma concolor), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and American marten (Martes americana) should have few ecosystem effects. Understanding potential changes will require long‐term monitoring studies and experiments on a scale we rarely deem possible. Ecosystems affected by climate change, species reintroductions and human alteration of habitats cannot remain stable and changes will be critically dependent on food web interactions.     

连作晚稻前期施药种类和时间对褐飞虱种群动态的影响

 田间试验研究了连晚前期施药种类和时间对褐飞虱种群动态的影响。结果表明施药后褐飞虱种群数量均有不同程度下降，但对褐飞虱主害代的控制作用与使用的农药种类和时间有密切的关系，而农药对褐飞虱的控制作用随种群的发展而下降。施药区褐飞虱种群增长倍数较对照区显著提高，其主要原因是农药对天敌尤其是对微蛛和黑肩绿盲蝽的杀伤作用。引起褐飞虱种群增长倍数提高的主要时期在四代成、若虫高峰期至五代卵高峰期，即施药后2～3周内。在各种供试药剂中，施用三唑磷的小区明显出现再增猖獗现象．根据以上结果，讨论了改善褐飞虱化学防治的途径。     

大豆ms1轮回群体品质改良效应与分离特性研究

【目的】针对大豆遗传基础狭窄的问题，研究ms1轮回群体品质改良效果与应用价值。【方法】选择23个适应当地生态类型品种材料，通过对引进的ms1轮回群体进行6年的基因导入与轮回选择，形成了适宜当地生态类型区选择的LD基础群体。利用高蛋白、高油亲本对LD基础群体进行品质改良，进而形成高蛋白（db）和高油（gy）两个亚群体。【结果】改良后的高蛋白（db）亚群体蛋白质含量比基础群体增加1.18%，达到ｔ0.2的显著水平，≥45%的个体占22.38%，高于基础群体10.99%；高油（gy）亚群体平均脂肪含量高于基础群体0.24%，达到ｔ0.4的显著水平，≥20%的个体比基础群体增加11.05%。ms1亚群体的开花期、成熟期、结荚习性、脐色等质量性状的分离范围广，分离比例趋于均衡。分枝数ms1群体变异系数为72.8%，大于常规杂交群体（57.3%），百粒重变异系数为18.1%，大于常规群体（16.5%），其它株高、单株荚数、荚粒数的变异系数没有明显差异。【结论】利用大豆ms1轮回群体进行品质改良的同时，保存了其它性状的分离变异范围与丰富的选择类型，更符合多目标育种的要求。本文还结合ms1亚群体研究实践，讨论了大豆ms1群体育种的方法、关键技术及选择效果。     

稻纵卷叶螟种群动态的地统计学分析

概述了地统计学在昆虫种群时空动态分析中的基本方法,应用该方法分析了省通州市和安徽省凤阳县稻纵卷叶螟２３个各世代种群时间格局的结构特征和自相关性,并对历年各世代的种群数量进行了模拟估计。结果表明：种群每世代的累计蛾量和高峰日蛾量在一定世代间隔内均存在着自相关性,当世代间隔超过一定距离时表现为相互独立。两地区种群世代间的影响范围和作用程度的大小存在差异。