Observations on the bismuth sulfide colorimetric procedure for sulfate analysis in soil

Abstract

The bismuth sulfide and methylene blue colorimetric finishes for soil sulfate determination by the Johnson‐Nishita distillation method were examined and compared. Both procedures gave comparable results when applied to soils and soil extracts, but the bismuth method was more rapid and more reliable. Nitrogen flow rate over the range 100–500 ml/min was not critical for the bismuth method, provided appropriate distillation times were employed. However, the release and transfer of hydrogen sulfide in the bismuth method was effected in one‐third of the time required for the méthylène blue finish, largely due to the elimination of a gas‐washing step. Predrying of soil extract samples increased recovery of hydrogen sulfide with the bismuth procedure arid could be used to increase sensitivity. Nitrate interference was observed with the bismuth procedure but attributed to interference during the reduction step. The bismuth procedure can readily be adapted for microdetermination in the 0–40 ppm sulfate‐S range.     

肌肉注射硫酸安普霉素在猪体内的药代动力学和生物利用度研究

对6头健康猪单剂量静脉注射、肌肉注射国产硫酸安普霉素,研究其在猪体内的药代动力学和生物利用度.用微生物法测定血清药物浓度,结果平均回收率为99.03%,血清最低检测浓度为0.05μg/ml,日内日间变异系数为2.2%～5.1%,且血清浓度在0.05～3μg/ml范围呈良好线性关系(r＝0.9965).对猪静注、肌注硫酸安普霉素20mg/kg后,经MCPKP药代动力学计算机程序处理,体内药物运转符合开放型二室模型,肌肉注射0.856h后达峰药浓度Cmax为36.09±1.22μg/ml;t1/2分别为1.58±0.67h、1.06±0.11h,CLB分别为0.15L/kg/h、0.17 L/kg/h,V1分别为0.71L/kg、0.1L/kg,绝对生物利用度为AUC i.m/AUC i.v＝88.47%±3.32%,上述药代动力学数据为动物临床用药提供有价值的理论依据.     

旋光法测定硫酸新霉素(饲料级)含量

本文采用旋光法测定硫酸新霉素(饲料级)含量,结果表明,硫酸新霉素浓度为1500～15000U/mL时,浓度与旋光度呈良好线性关系,相关系数r=0.9996(n=6)。与微生物法相比,旋光法具有简便、快速、易操作等优点。     

旋光法测定硫酸新霉素含量

采用旋光法测定了硫酸新霉素含量.结果表明,在1 500～15 000 单位/mL的浓度范围内,旋光度与硫酸新霉素浓度呈良好线性关系,相关系数r＝0.999 8（n=6）.与微生物法相比,该方法具有简便、快速、易操作等优点.     

青贮玉米-牛粪尿体系的15N标记及氮素转化研究

15N示踪技术已开始应用于畜禽粪便氮素循环与利用研究领域,而15N在畜禽粪便不同组分和不同形态氮素中的丰度与数量将直接影响到畜禽粪便15N示踪去向与氮素实际去向的一致性。为了解15N在畜禽粪便标记过程的转化特点和在标记粪尿的分布特征,本文首先采用改进的、含有15N标记硫酸铵(60 atom%15N)的Hoagland营养液砂培种植15N玉米,然后将15N玉米和普通玉米以55∶45的氮配比作为混合青贮饲料饲喂1头已空腹2 d的2龄黄牛,饲喂4 d后停喂2 d,收集全部牛粪尿并对其不同组分和形态氮素的15N丰度和数量进行分析。结果表明:标记玉米、混合青贮饲料、牛粪尿的15N丰度分别为48.024%、26.579%和8.044%;标记玉米对硫酸铵15N的回收率为26.3%,牛粪尿对标记玉米15N回收率为36.0%。在收集的牛粪尿氮中,牛粪全氮、牛尿全氮、牛粪铵态氮和牛尿铵态氮量分别占70.25%、29.75%、5.44%和0.03%,其15N丰度分别为9.223%、5.261%、6.505%和5.419%。在短期内通过饲喂黄牛15N青贮饲料制备的标记牛粪尿中,15N丰度在不同组分和形态氮素中的分布并不相同,牛尿氮的15N丰度低于牛粪氮,矿质态和易于矿化态氮的15N丰度低于不易矿化态氮。     

FeSO4引发提高秦艽种子萌发的生理机制

为探讨FeSO4引发提高秦艽种子萌发抗性的生理机制,同时设置水引发处理,以未作任何处理的种子为对照(CK),研究了0.6%FeSO4引发处理24 h对种子膜透性、储藏性物质、能量、激素及抗性相关酶等方面的影响。结果表明:FeSO4引发降低了种子膜透性,提高种子活力,在吸水12 h和24 h时,电导率分别较CK降低了6.61%和11.67%;调动了种子内部储藏物质的代谢,蔗糖含量减少9.57%,可溶性蛋白增加49.63%,饱和脂肪酸中的豆蔻酸和木焦油酸甲酯含量分别增加4.93%和9.03%,不饱和脂肪酸中的山嵛酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸分别减少6.73%、8.18%、8.40%和6.70%;改变了种子激素平衡,其中脱落酸的含量下降64.78%,赤霉素含量增加近22倍;加速了种子能量代谢, ATP含量增加2.16倍,细胞色素C氧化酶活性增加67.91%。此外,FeSO4引发使线粒体非酶促系统中谷胱甘肽含量和抗坏血酸的含量分别增加74.08%和10.89%,使细胞内酶促系统超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性分别增加285%、179%以及19.6%。因此,FeSO4引发对种子萌发是一个综合过程,一方面可促进种子物质代谢和提高能荷水平,一方面可改善种子内部生理状态和提高胁迫响应能力,从而提高种子活力,促进种子快速和整齐萌发。     

口服硫酸安普霉素在猪体内的药代动力学和生物利用度研究

对 5头健康猪口服和静脉注射国产硫酸安普霉素 ,研究其在猪体内的药代动力学和生物利用度。用微生物法测定血清药物浓度 ,结果平均回收率为 99.0 3%,血清最低检测浓度为 0 .0 5 μg/ ml,日内日间变异系数为 2 .2 %～ 5 .0 %,且血清浓度在0 .0 5～ 3μg/ m l范围呈良好线性关系 (r=0 .996 5 )。以 2 0 mg/ kg口服和以 2 0 mg/ kg静脉注射硫酸安普霉素后 ,经 Mcpkp药代动力学计算机程序处理 ,体内药物运转分别符合开放型一室和二室模型 ,生物半衰期 t1 / 2 分别为 (7.36± 1 .5 2 ) h和 (3.1 7± 0 .75 )h;CLB分别为 4 .82 L / kg· h和 0 .1 6 L / kg· h;AUC值分别为 4 .1 4和 1 30 .6 2。口服 :Cmax为 (0 .2 4± 0 .0 3)μg/ ml;Tp为 (5 .1 2±0 .6 1 ) h;T1 / 2 K为 (7.36± 1 .5 2 ) ;生物利用度 (AUCp.0 / AUCi.v)为 (3.1 92 8± 0 .70 4 4 ) %。上述药代动力学数据为动物临床用药提供有价值的理论依据     

吸附法制备大麻哈鱼硫酸软骨素的工艺优化

以去肉后的大麻哈鱼鱼头为原料,采用复合酶酶解提取硫酸软骨素,研究D958树脂分离纯化硫酸软骨素的效果;以解吸率为指标,研究吸附温度、时间及酶解液pH对硫酸软骨素纯化效果的影响。结果表明,采用D958树脂纯化大麻哈鱼鱼头硫酸软骨素的最佳工艺条件为:酶解液pH 6.0,4℃吸附3 h;此条件下硫酸软骨素的解吸率达87.66%,纯化效果最好。因此树脂吸附法能从大麻哈鱼鱼头酶解液中有效分离得到硫酸软骨素,为大麻哈鱼加工废弃物的高值化利用开辟了一个新途径。     

Retention behavior of size and aluminum components on handsheets in rosin-ester size/alum systems

Anionic emulsion sizes consisting of rosin triglyceride esters and partly fortified rosin acids (i.e., rosin-ester sizes), have recently been used as internal sizes for alkaline papermaking. In this study, handsheets were prepared from pulp suspensions with alum and a rosin-ester size under various conditions, and sizing degree and size and aluminum contents of the handsheets were determined. Aluminum compounds originating from alum added to the pulp suspensions behave as retention aids of the rosin-ester size even in alkaline papermaking under limited conditions. Carboxyl groups in pulp are the primary retention sites of aluminum compounds in pulp suspensions. They form cationic sites on pulp fibers, and thus the anionic size emulsion particles are adsorbed on pulp fibers by electrostatic interactions. However, the cationic charges of aluminum compounds on pulp fibers decrease and finally disappear completely with the lapse of time after the alum addition by forming ionic bonds between the cationic sites and OH^– ions. Thus, pH values of the pulp suspensions and timing of the size addition strongly influence the retention values of the rosin-ester size and the resultant sizing features.This research was presented in part at the 1995 autumn meetings of the Society of Fiber Science and Technology Japan in Hamamatsu, October 1995     

磷化氢对硫酸盐还原的影响

    采用分批试验,以污水处理厂的厌氧活性污泥作为接种物,研究磷化氢对硫酸盐还原菌代谢活性及生长的影响.COD/SO42-为1.0时,较高浓度(500 mL·m-3)磷化氢对以乙酸及葡萄糖为基质的硫酸盐还原均有抑制作用.以乙酸为基质时,添加磷化氢样品与不加磷化氢对照的硫酸盐转化半衰期分别为5.6 d和4.7 d;以葡萄糖为基质时,添加磷化氢样品与不加磷化氢对照的硫酸盐转化半衰期分别为4.7 d和2.9 d.磷化氢对以葡萄糖为基质的硫酸盐还原抑制程度较高.磷化氢对以葡萄糖为基质的硫酸盐转化的半抑制浓度(IC50)为583.8 mL·m-3.较高浓度的磷化氢对硫酸盐还原菌的生长也具有显著的抑制作用,抑制效应随时间的延长及磷化氢浓度的加大而增强.