Characterisation of energy-dependent efflux of imazalil and fenarimol in isolates of Penicillium italicum with a low,medium and high degree of resistance to DMI-fungicides

Differential accumulation of [¹⁴C]imazalil and [¹⁴C]fenarimol by germlings of wild-type and DMI-resistant isolates ofPenicillium italicum was studied at various pH values. At pH 7 and 8 the low-resistant isolate E_300–3 accumulated 22% and 35%, respectively, less imazalil than the wild-type isolate W₅. Imazalil accumulation at pH 5 and 6 was similar. Isolate E_300–3 also accumulated less fenarimol as compared with the wild-type isolate. This difference was much more obvious than for imazalil and was observed at all pH values tested. Differences in accumulation of both imazalil and fenarimol between low (E_300–3), medium (H₁₇) and high resistant (I₃₃) isolates were not observed. These results suggest that decreased accumulation of DMIs is responsible for a low level of resistance only and that additional mechanisms of resistance might operate in isolates with a medium and high degree of resistance. With all isolates fenarimol accumulation was energy-dependent. This was not obvious for imazalil.The wild-type and DMI-resistant isolates had a similar plasma membrane potential as determined with the probe [¹⁴C]tetraphenylphosphonium bromide ([¹⁴C]TPP⁺). Various test compounds, among which ATPase inhibitors, ionophoric antibiotics and calmodulin antagonists, affected the accumulation of [¹⁴C]TPP⁺, [¹⁴C]imazalil and [¹⁴C]fenarimol. No obvious correlation between the effects of the test compounds on accumulation levels of the fungicides and [¹⁴C]TPP⁺ could be observed. These results indicate that the plasma membrane potential does not mediate the efflux of DMI fungicides byP. italicum.     

Influence of the physical and chemical properties of soil on the retention process of isoxaflutole and its two main derivatives

Isoxaflutole is a new pre‐emergence herbicide for use in maize and sugarcane. Its two main derivatives are a diketonitrile derivative, the 2‐cyano‐3‐cyclopropyl‐1‐(2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)propan‐1,3‐dione, named DKN, and a benzoic acid derivative, the 2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, named BA. The adsorption/desorption processes have never been studied for isoxaflutole (IFT) at high concentrations nor for BA, and the present work aimed at completing the knowledge of the behaviour of these three molecules in conditions close to those encountered in the context of agricultural use. The adsorption/desorption study was conducted on seven soils of different physical and chemical properties, using the batch equilibrium technique. During the experiments, IFT was chemically converted into DKN in a continuous manner. This reaction appeared to be dependent on the pH of the soil and was taken into account in the calculations of the adsorbed and desorbed amounts. The adsorption isotherms obtained were predominantly C‐shaped for IFT and DKN and S‐shaped for BA, but some differences appeared on a few soils. They fitted well the Freundlich equation, and the values of the Freundlich coefficient K_fa showed that, whatever the soil, IFT was more adsorbed than its two derivatives. The main parameter influencing the adsorption of IFT appeared to be the organic matter content, whereas this effect was not evident for DKN and BA. No correlation was found between the extent of adsorption and either clay content or pH of the soil, for the three molecules.     

稀土对刺槐苗木生理特性影响的研究

稀土对刺槐苗木生理特性影响的研究赵兰勇，梁玉堂（山东农业大学林学院泰安２７１０１８）王九龄（北京林业大学北京１０００８３）关键词稀土，刺槐，光合速率，叶绿素含量，水分利用效率，矿质元素含量近年来，稀土元素在农业上的应用研究越来越受到人们的重视，并且已...     

白菜镉积累基因型差异研究

 采用87 个白菜品种, 于春夏和秋冬两生长季节在镉(Cd) 污染土壤中进行植株地上部Cd 积累差异研究。结果表明, 不同品种间镉含量存在极显著差异, 且春夏季高于秋冬季。     

花粉中雌二醇和睾酮含量研究

对花粉中雌二醇和睾酮含量研究表明，不同花粉品种其含量不同，差别甚大。因此，它为花粉的开发利用提供重要依据，作为儿童营养品应采用不含或含量低的花粉，而作为治疗不育症或经年期的药物，应采用高含量的花粉品种。     

三江源区高寒草原土壤湿度变化特征及与气候因子的关系

利用青海省三江源区兴海县牧业气象站1999-2016年高寒草原土壤湿度、牧草生育期资料,分析了高寒草原土壤湿度的年、季变化特征以及牧草生长季不同生育期土壤湿度的变化特征及与气候因子的关系。结果表明:高寒草原0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40和40-50 cm土壤湿度均随年际延长呈增加趋势,春季除40-50 cm土层外,其他各层土壤湿度均随年际延长呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。高寒草原牧草生长季的土壤相对湿度随年际延长呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),且与生长季降水量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。随着气候变化,牧草抽穗、开花、成熟和枯黄期的土壤相对湿度随年际延长呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。牧草抽穗期、枯黄和全生育期的土壤湿度与气温呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。高寒草原牧草生长季土壤湿度的增加有利于草地植被生长。     

"三高两低"杂交油菜油研1220的选育与技术研究

油研1220是以黄籽双低隐性核不育系8078A与双低恢复系0202R配制成功的黄籽双低杂交油菜新组合。在贵州省2004~2006两年15点次试验中,增产点和增产8%以上的点分别为11个和8个,分别占总点数的73.3%和53.3%,两年平均产量达167.88 kg/667m2,比CK增产7.0%;产油量达70.72 kg/667m2,比CK增产13.87%。芥酸含量0.6%,硫甙含量28.28μmol/g.饼,含油量达44.03%,种子蛋白质含量达26.85%。选择含油率和蛋白质含量高的转育亲本,在后代分离世代中加强亲本含油率和蛋白质含量的定向选择是提高品种含油率和蛋白质含量的重要选育技术。     

甘蓝型油菜黄籽双低不育系2225A的选育及应用

2225AB以双低甘蓝型油菜隐性核不育系98-116AB中优良不育株为母本,甘蓝型油菜黄籽双低株系2225作杂交父本,通过杂交、回交和兄妹交选育成功的高油分黄籽双低甘蓝型油菜隐性核不育两型系.黄籽不育系2225A的叶色浓绿、叶片较厚、抗寒性强,冻害指数8.5.该不育系群体的黄籽株率和黄籽频率均达100%,芥酸平均含量低于0.5%,硫甙含量低于20umol/(g·饼),含油量在45%左右,最高可达49.94%,恢复源广.     

城市草坪土壤呼吸冬季日动态特征研究

以福州市区的城市草坪为研究对象,采用Li-8100对其土壤呼吸速率进行3 d的连续观测,研究草坪土壤呼吸昼夜变化特征及其影响因子.结果表明:1)草坪土壤呼吸有明显的日变化特征;2)草坪土壤呼吸速率昼夜变化呈单峰曲线模式,雨天最大值出现在21:30,阴天最大值出现在11:30,晴天最大值出现在15:30;3)阴雨天气时土壤温度和含水量与土壤呼吸速率的双因素回归关系不显著,晴天时土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率的回归性极显著(p＜0.01),土壤温度可以解释该日土壤呼吸速率昼夜变化的70.13%,土壤含水量与土壤呼吸速率的线性关系仍不显著;土壤温度和含水量两个因素共同解释该日土壤呼吸昼夜变化的74.10%.