适量木炭粉改善环氧树脂复合材料热/力学性能

为了充分利用木材炭化物,扩大其在复合材料等方面的应用范围,该文采用炭化后的木粉(木炭粉)和环氧树脂,通过模压工艺制备了木炭/环氧树脂复合材料。借助扫描电镜、万能材料试验机、动态热机械分析仪和维卡软化点测量仪等研究木炭粉质量分数对木炭/环氧树脂复合材料弯曲性能、冲击强度、动态力学性能以及耐热性的影响。在环氧树脂中,环氧树脂、反应性稀释剂和固化剂质量比为3∶2∶5;在木炭/环氧树脂复合材料中,木炭粉质量分数分别为0,5%,10%,20%,30%和40%。复合材料固化温度和时间分别设定为100℃和3 h。结果表明,添加木炭粉能有效增强环氧树脂力学性能:与纯环氧树脂相比,弯曲强度和冲击强度最高增加了278%和135%。动态力学性能结果证实随着木炭粉质量分数的增加,复合材料的储能模量和玻璃化转变温度(Tg)也逐渐增加。此外当木炭粉质量分数从0增加到40%时,复合材料的耐热性逐渐提高;维卡软化点从81.2℃提高到274℃。研究结果为,当木炭粉质量分数在10%时,环氧树脂/木炭复合材料具有较佳的力学性能和较好的耐热性能,为木炭在复合材料领域中的应用提供有益的借鉴。     

稻壳炭对红壤理化特性及芥菜生长的影响

本文探讨了不同热解温度制备的稻壳炭的基本性质,并通过盆栽试验研究了500℃热解稻壳炭添加量对南方红壤理化性质和芥菜产量的影响。结果表明:稻壳炭添加量3%、5%和10%三个处理显著改善了红壤的理化性质,土壤体积质量较对照处理依次降低0.11、0.28和0.42 g/cm~3,p H由4.5分别增加到7.5、7.8、8.4,CEC依次增加52.16%、187.02%和214.35%,土壤有机质、速效磷和速效钾显著增加,但稻壳炭添加量10%处理的土壤碱解氮含量降低。稻壳炭对芥菜的养分含量、产量等指标影响较为显著,随着施炭量的增加,芥菜的生物量增加,叶片全氮从1.63 g/kg增加到2.44 g/kg,全磷从2.32 g/kg增加到3.09 g/kg,全钾从47.1 g/kg增加到56.7 g/kg,产量由108.37 g/盆增加到608.7 g/盆。总之,添加5%的500℃热解稻壳炭有效改善了酸度较强的红壤的理化性质,促进了芥菜的生长和增收以及对氮磷钾养分的吸收和储存。在红壤改良上,稻壳炭的最佳添加比例为5%。     

Direct and Residual Effects of Fly Ash-Based Integrated Fertilization on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Rapeseed (Brassica camprestris L.)

Integrated effects of fly ash (FA), farmyard manure (FYM), and chemical fertilizers recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) on the performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and their residual effect on rapeseed (Brassica camprestris L. vartoria) were studied for two years in loamy acidic inceptisol of Assam, India.

The FA was generated from a bituminous and lignite coal-based captive thermal power plant of Hindustan Paper Corporation Ltd (HPCL), Assam. Rice yields were higher when FA, FYM, and RDF were used collectively vis-à-vis sole application of RDF reflected also in rapeseed under residual effect . FA effect on mean rice equivalent yield of the rice–rapeseed system was the highest (24.4%) under integrated application. Nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) contents in rice decreased with increasing FA, while arsenic (As) was just the opposite. Integration of FA, FYM, and RDF was effective in lowering Ni, Cd, and As in rice compared to 100% RDF alone or together with FA. The residual effect on rapeseed was similar for Ni and As while the Cd content increased. Blending of FA, FYM, and RDF also positively altered the residual soil pH, organic carbon (C), and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK). Thus, FA can be an integral component of integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS) in augmenting crop yield and residual benefits in loamy acid inceptisol.     

Modelling local-scale determinants and the probability of microarthropod species occurrence in Antarctic soils

Soil fauna in the extreme conditions of Antarctica consists of a few microinvertebrate species patchily distributed at different spatial scales. Populations of the prostigmatic mite Stereotydeus belli and the collembolan Gressittacantha terranova from northern Victoria Land (Antarctica) were used as models to study the effect of soil properties on microarthropod distributions. In agreement with the general assumption that the development and distribution of life in these ecosystems is mainly controlled by abiotic factors, we found that the probability of occurrence of S. belli depends on soil moisture and texture and on the sampling period (which affects the general availability of water); surprisingly, none of the analysed variables were significantly related to the G. terranova distribution. Based on our results and literature data, we propose a theoretical model that introduces biotic interactions among the major factors driving the local distribution of collembolans in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems.     

黄河三角洲海水灌溉对土壤性质的影响研究

通过2年在黄河三角洲进行海水灌溉对土壤性质的影响研究．结果表明：海水灌溉后土壤剖面中盐分含量有所上升,并在0～100cm土层中有盐分积累现象;土壤中存在的盐分主要以NaCI为主,Na^ 和Cl^-与土壤全盐含量呈直线线性相关,且达到极显著水平;海水灌溉后土壤的钠吸附比(SAR)在0～60crn土层内有所升高;土壤的pH值在海水灌溉前后基本没有什么变化;残余碳酸钠(RSC)都为负值。因此,在黄河三角洲地区运用海水灌溉不会引起土壤的碱化,并使土壤性质变差,但在海水灌溉过程中必须防治次生盐渍化的发生。     

Neural network ensemble residual kriging application for spatial variability of soil properties

High quality, agricultural nutrient distribution maps are necessary for precision management, but depend on initial soil sample analyses and interpolation techniques. To examine the methodologies for and explore the capability of interpolating soil properties based on neural network ensemble residual kriging, a silage field at Hayes, Northern Ireland, UK, was selected for this study with all samples being split into independent training and validation data sets. The training data set, comprised of five soil properties: soil pH, soil available P, soil available K, soil available Mg and soil available S,was modeled for spatial variability using 1) neural network ensemble residual kriging, 2) neural network ensemble and 3) kriging with their accuracies being estimated by means of the validation data sets. Ordinary kriging of the residuals provided accurate local estimates, while final estimates were produced as a sum of the artificial neural network (ANN) ensemble estimates and the ordinary kriging estimates of the residuals. Compared to kriging and neural network ensemble,the neural network ensemble residual kriging achieved better or similar accuracy for predicting and estimating contour maps. Thus, the results demonstrated that ANN ensemble residual kriging was an efficient alternative to the conventional geo-statistical models that were usually used for interpolation of a data set in the soil science area.     

石灰性土壤供氮能力几种化学测定方法的评价研究

以采自于黄土高原差异较大的25个农田耕层石灰性土壤为供试土样,以淋洗和未淋洗土壤起始NO3--N小麦和玉米两季盆栽试验作物累积吸氮量为参比,对8种反映旱地土壤供氮能力的化学方法进行比较研究。结果表明,在一定程度上,可用有密切关系的土壤全氮或有机质,反映有机氮或全氮存在较大差异的土壤供氮能力,但其灵敏性较差。石灰性土壤矿质氮,特别是NO3--N与未淋洗土壤起始NO3--N作物吸氮量之间有较高相关性(r=0.884,P0.01),而与淋洗土壤起始NO3--N作物吸氮量间相关系数仅为0.472(P0.05),说明矿质氮可反映土壤当前供氮水平,而不能反映土壤潜在供氮能力;石灰性土壤起始NO3--N对各化学方法与作物吸氮量之间相关性影响较大。酸性高锰酸钾法既可反映土壤潜在供氮能力,也可反映土壤总供氮能力;酸性高锰酸钾法的修订方法,即硫酸高锰酸钾法提取出的NH4+-N值接近于KCl水浴法提取出的NH4+-N值,该方法在反映土壤总供氮能力方面与酸性高锰酸钾法相当,但在反映土壤潜在供氮能力方面不及酸性高锰酸钾法优越。KCl水浴法在评价石灰性土壤供氮能力方面,与酸性高锰酸钾法的效果基本相同;沸水浸取法和NaHCO3-UV法在评价石灰性土壤供氮能力方面效果较差。总结以上发现,在以盐类溶液提取法中,酸性高锰酸钾法、硫酸高锰酸钾法和KCl水浴法可作为反映石灰性土壤供氮能力的化学方法,其中以酸性高锰酸钾法最优,其次为KCl水浴法和硫酸高锰酸钾法。这3种方法在不包括起始NO3--N时,可反映石灰性土壤潜在供氮能力;包括起始NO3--N后,可反映土壤总供氮能力(当前供氮能力+潜在供氮能力)。     

城市公园土壤和植被：自然和人为因子的影响

Various soil surface components, such as trees, shrubs and biological crusts, and human recreational activities, e.g., barbecues and trampling by visitors, may divide the area of the urban park into smaller fragments/microenvironments, differentiated by their microenvironmental conditions, which may differ in soil and vegetation characteristics. The spatial changes in the soil and vegetation characteristics and their causes were investigated in an urban park located south of Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Israel. The area of the park is 0.5 km², including groves, a lake, lawns, and rest areas. Soil was sampled in nine microenvironments, of which seven were within the park: under Ceratonia siliqua trees (CsU), under Ficus sycomorus trees (FiU), rest area between tables under F. sycomorus (FiB), rest area under tables under F. sycomorus (FiT), open area with bare soil (OaS), open area with biological crust cover (OaC), and open area covered by herbaceous vegetation (OaV). Two more microenvironments, planar and sloping open areas (CoP and CoS, respectively) in the vicinity of the park, were used as the controls. Electrical conductivity, concentrations of soluble ions (Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ and HCO₃^-), pH, contents of organic carbon, calcium carbonate and moisture, and grain size distribution were determined. In addition, herbaceous vegetation cover, number and diversity of herbaceous vegetation species were measured. It was found that soil properties and herbaceous vegetation characteristics varied within the park. Soil organic carbon, electrical conductivity, soluble salts, penetration depth, and vegetation characteristics were affected by human activities, mainly in the rest area between the tables. In contrast, the above characteristics were affected by natural factors mainly in the rest of the microenvironments, which were subjected to low levels of anthropogenic intervention. The heterogeneous structure of the park, as represented by the various microenvironments, offered new habitats and promoted the preservation of natural vegetation.     

超微粉碎对桑叶粉理化性质的影响

为拓展超微粉碎技术在食品添加剂和药品开发中应用,以桑叶为原料,分别对桑叶粗粉进行干法超微粉碎2 、4、6、8 h,得到4种不同粒径大小的桑叶超微粉,并对桑叶粗粉与4种超微粉的理化性质进行比较。研究结果表明,超微粉碎能明显减小桑叶粗粉的颗粒粒径（P＜0.05）,随着超微粉碎时间的增加,超微粉的粒径减小,粉体的粒径分布范围变窄,比表面积和体积密度显著增加（P＜0.05）,休止角、滑角和膨胀性显著降低（P＜0.05）,水溶性/持水力、持油力、蛋白质的水溶性和多糖的水溶解性均有不同程度的增加,但多酚含量变化不显著（P＞0.05）。扫描电镜结果显示,粗粉经超微粉碎后,其颗粒呈零散的分布形态。说明超微粉碎可改善桑叶粉的部分理化性质,可将这些性质应用于食品添加剂和常规食品开发与加工中。所得研究结果将为超微粉碎技术在桑叶食品中工业化应用提供数据支持和理论依据。     

草甘膦对毛竹笋用林土壤理化性质的影响分析

在毛竹笋用林中长期使用草甘膦且又不进行施肥等抚育措施,会对土壤的结构产生影响,造成容重增加,总孔隙度降低,不利于竹鞭的正常生长,通过增施有机肥可有效降低草甘膦对土壤结构的影响.试验结果表明,长期使用草甘膦对土壤有机质有一定影响,但对全氮、全磷、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH值、交换性氢和交换性铝均未有显著差异.