DNA分子标记技术及其在玉米育种中的应用

概述了分子标记技术的基本类型,综述了近年来分子标记技术在玉米遗传连锁图谱的构建及基因定位、遗传多样性分析、杂种纯度及真伪的鉴定、杂种优势预测、分子标记辅助选择育种中的研究及应用现状.     

Melatonin reduces apoptotic cells,SOD2 and HSPB1 and improves the in vitro production and quality of bovine blastocysts

Effects of adding different concentrations of melatonin (10^?7, 10^?9 and 10^?11 M) to maturation (Experiment 1; Control, IVM  + 10^?7, IVM  + 10^?9, IVM  + 10^?11) and culture media (Experiment 2; Control, IVC  + 10^?7, IVC  + 10^?9, IVC  + 10^?11) were evaluated on in vitro bovine embryonic development. The optimal concentration of melatonin (10^?9 M) from Experiments 1–2 was tested in both maturation and/or culture media of Experiment 3 (Control, IVM  + 10^?9, IVC  + 10^?9, IVM /IVC  + 10^?9). In Experiment 1, maturated oocytes from Control and IVM  + 10^?9 treatments showed increased glutathione content, mitochondrial membrane potential and percentage of Grade I blastocysts (40.6% and 43%, respectively). In Experiment 2, an increase in the percentage of Grade I blastocysts was detected in IVC  + 10^?7 (43.5%; 56.7%) and IVC  + 10^?9 (47.4%; 57.4%). Moreover, a lower number and percentage of apoptotic cells in blastocysts were observed in the IVC  + 10^?9 group compared to Control (3.8 ± 0.6; 3.6% versus 6.1 ± 0.6; 5.3%). In Experiment 3, the IVC  + 10^?9 treatment increased percentage of Grade I blastocysts with a lower number of apoptotic cells compared to IVM /IVC  + 10^?9 group (52.6%; 3.0 ± 0.5 versus 46.0%; 5.4 ± 1.0). The IVC  + 10^?9 treatment also had a higher mRNA expression of antioxidant gene (SOD 2) compared to the Control, as well as the heat shock protein (HSPB 1) compared to the IVM  + 10^?9. Reactive oxygen species production was greater in the IVM /IVC  + 10^?9 treatment group. In conclusion, the 10^?9 M concentration of melatonin and the in vitro production phase in which it is used directly affected embryonic development and quality.     

大豆分子育种研究新进展

分子育种是当今世界大豆产业发展的主要推动力,已成为国际大豆种业竞争的核心技术。介绍了2012-2013年间国内外大豆分子育种研究的新进展：以高通量测序为基础的功能基因组学研究更深入、更广泛;克隆并验证了与开花、产量、结瘤和抗逆性等重要性状相关的基因;发掘出一批新的分子标记或QTL,强化了传统分子标记与新技术、新方法的有机结合;在遗传转化体系优化方面取得了一些新进展,并在大豆中对一些目标基因进行了功能鉴定;一批具有抗虫、耐除草剂等单一及复合性状的转基因大豆新品种获得多国安全认证,允许进口食用、饲用或商业化种植,并对今后一段时间内大豆分子育种领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

土壤和沉积物中烃类污染物的主要来源与识别标志

土壤、沉积物中烃类污染物的来源十分复杂,其输入方式主要包括矿物油直接输入、大气颗粒物沉降、通过水介质输入、工业固体废弃物、城市垃圾和生活废弃物排放及天然有机质生物化学降解产物等。不同来源的烃类污染物组成上存在一定的差别,可根据这些差别判识环境中烃类污染物的来源。介绍了不同污染源的烃类污染物中正构烷烃、类异戊间二烯烷烃、单甲基取代支链烷烃、烷基环己烷、甾萜烷烃及芳香烃类化合物的组成与分布特征,综合评述了不同污染源的分子标志物特征及主要识别标志。     

玉米和高粱SSR标记在薏苡中的通用性研究

旨在分析玉米和高粱SSR标记在其近缘种薏苡中的通用性和多态性,以期筛选可用于薏苡种质资源和遗传学研究的分子标记。以11份薏苡资源为供试材料,利用SSR-PCR扩增和毛细管电泳检测方法,对364对SSR引物进行了测试和筛选。结果表明,364对玉米和高粱来源的标记中有163对能在薏苡中扩增并得到清晰的条带,其中44对标记在薏苡中表现出良好的多态性。高粱SSR的通用性和多态性比例分别为58.02%和30.85%,玉米SSR标记的通用性和多态性比例分别为23.45%和26.47%,高粱SSR标记在薏苡中通用性和多态性更好。44对引物在11份薏苡材料中扩增出110条多态性条带,每对引物扩增出的条带数在1～5条之间,平均为2.5条,PIC为0.15～0.79,其中15对引物的PIC值大于0.5,占全部多态性引物的34.09%。筛选出的通用SSR引物可为薏苡种质资源多样性和分子遗传学研究提供可用的遗传标记,也是高粱、玉米和薏苡3种作物之间比较基因组学研究的有力工具。     

静磁场对人白血病细胞K562 DNA的损伤模式研究

【目的】研究静磁场处理对人白血病细胞DNA的损伤模式与损伤程度,为肿瘤细胞的物理治疗提供依据。【方法】以人白血病细胞K562为试材,对其进行8.8mT静磁场处理6,12,24,30,36h后,采用MTT检测细胞活力并对细胞进行计数,同时联合使用单细胞凝胶电泳以及原子力显微镜观测方法,分析经过静磁场处理后K562细胞DNA的损伤模式。【结果】K562细胞在8.8mT静磁场中处理24h,细胞生长受到抑制,细胞彗星尾长与对照相比有显著差异(P<0.05);处理时间延长到30h,尾部DNA含量和尾长与对照相比均有极显著性差异(P<0.01),表明随着静磁场处理时间的增加,K562细胞DNA的损伤模式与损伤程度发生变化。原子力显微镜观察结果显示,静磁场处理12h,K562细胞DNA已经发生损伤,细胞DNA分子的平均高度增加,平均长度减小;静磁场处理24h,DNA链变短变粗,小片段DNA明显增多,部分DNA发生断裂;静磁场处理36h,细胞DNA形态发生显著变化,DNA大部分断裂成小片段,小片段DNA之间相互交联成板状聚集体。【结论】8.8mT静磁场对K562细胞有杀伤效应,并且这种杀伤作用具有随处理时间延长而累积的效应。随着静磁场处理时间的延长,细胞DNA经历了解链-断裂-交联和断裂并存的变化过程,DNA损伤程度亦逐步加剧。     

基于微卫星亲权鉴定技术的短蛸性选择研究

为研究短蛸(Octopus ocellatus)的性选择行为,本研究利用14个多态性微卫星标记,对3个母本、176个子代及17个候选父本进行亲权鉴定,对3个家系中有子代和无子代雄蛸、子代比例高和子代比例低的雄蛸的各形态参数进行t检验,并对子代比例高和子代比例低的父本与母本的遗传相似性与遗传距离进行分析。结果显示,短蛸为多雌多雄的交配模式,为真正意义的雌性混交动物;雄蛸有无子代与其形态参数无相关性;子代比例与父本的形态大小参数无关,而与父母本的遗传相似性和遗传距离有关,父母本遗传相似性越高,遗传距离越小,后代比例越高。本研究为揭示短蛸交配前后的性选择机制提供了重要线索,也为海洋头足类动物的性选择机制研究提供了基础资料。     

Low genetic variability in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum populations from common bean fields in Minas Gerais State,Brazil, at regional,local and micro‐scales

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causal agent of white mould, is the most destructive and widely distributed soilborne pathogen of common bean during the autumn–winter season in Brazil. Nevertheless, little is known about the genetic structure of the pathogen population. Microsatellite (SSR) markers and mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) were used to characterize 118 isolates collected from 20 bean fields located in the most important growing regions of Minas Gerais State (MG). Additionally, the genetic variability among 10 isolates obtained from a single sclerotium was investigated in 10 different sclerotia. Seventy SSR haplotypes and 14 MCGs were identified among the 118 isolates. The genetic differences within bean growing areas accounted for most of the genetic variation (72%). Despite the relatively high genotypic diversity, the SSR loci were at linkage disequilibrium. Moreover, 70% of the isolates were assigned to only two MCGs, and haplotypes of a given MCG were closely related. The discriminant analysis of principal components revealed five groups. There was strong genetic differentiation between isolates collected in one municipality in southern MG when compared to other regions. Common bean resistance to white mould should be assessed with representative isolates of the five genetic groups and, if possible, of the different MCGs detected in the present study. One to five haplotypes were detected among the 10 isolates obtained from a single sclerotium. Therefore, in order to ensure genetic identity of an isolate, hyphal tip or monoascosporic isolates should be used.     

茶树多态性SSR分子标记引物筛选

本实验采用国家鉴定茶树品种丹桂自然杂交F1代12个新品(株)系DNA为模板,对60对茶树SSR分子标记引物进行筛选,其中12对引物PCR产物电泳结果较为理想,条带清晰、多态性丰富。其他48对引物没有多态性,或者条带模糊无法统计,或者扩增不出任何条带。从已筛选出的多态性引物中随机挑选2对引物D02、D08,对丹桂自然杂交FI代59个新品(株)系做PCR扩增,电泳检测能获得条带清晰、多态性丰富的胶图,说明筛选获得的12对多态性SSR引物可用于遗传多样性或亲缘关系等分子生物学实验。     

花生分子育种研究进展

随着高通量测序技术、基因组学分析技术和分子生物学技术的发展,分子育种已成为花生育种的重要手段之一。在新一代高通量测序技术的影响下,大量的花生功能基因和分子标记被挖掘出来,遗传连锁图谱更加精细化,强化了分子标记与常规育种的有机结合,促进了花生转基因技术发展。本文对国内外花生分子育种的研究进展进行综述,并对花生分子育种的主要问题和发展前景进行了讨论。