干旱区绿洲农业生态经济系统结构与功能分析—以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的墨玉县为例

在分析国家和新疆自治区重点扶持的贫困县———墨玉县农业生态系统的水土资源结构、农业种群结构和产业结构的基础上,对其绿洲农业生态经济系统进行了能量流、物质流和价值流的分析。结果显示其水土资源结构不平衡、种群结构单一、产业结构不甚合理,决定了绿洲功能较差,产投比低下的特点,并据此从可持续发展的角度提出了以发展生态农业为中心,改善绿洲农业生态经济系统结构并提高其功能的对策与建议。     

Long-term changes in the sea-age at maturity and seasonal time of return of salmon, Salmo salar L., to Scottish rivers

Abstract Using catch data, changes in salmon, Salmo salar L., sea-age and seasonal return time were compared between several Scottish east coast rivers over the last 150–200 years. Parallel long-term trends were found, suggesting common influences affecting salmon at sea. Long-term associations with marine environmental factors were investigated by literature review and comparisons with an index of Icelandic sea-ice abundance. Apparent associations were shown to exist since about 1900, although the cause was not demonstrated. However, over a longer timescale, the same associations were not apparent. Unique gradual marine changes since 1900 may have resulted in perceptible associations with salmon data which may otherwise be imperceptible when short-term marine environmental variability is greater than long-term variability. Marine factors must affect salmon, but the complexity of the marine environment and controls on age at maturity and time of return mean that a retrospective analysis cannot be expected to identify the causal factors.     

城市商业用地地价空间分布模拟与分析--以呼和浩特市为例

为揭示城市商业用地地价的微观分布规律,基于区域化变量理论和地统计学,以呼和浩特市为例,采用半变异函数分析商业用地地价空间连续及变异特征,用普通克里格插值方法模拟商业用地地价空间分布,生成地价模拟图。结果表明:商业用地样点地价兼具空间自相关性和各向异性,但受区域整体趋势的影响明显强于小范围的变异性;商业用地地价分布整体具有连续性,局部具有突变性;等价线分布呈现圈层结构,但地价越高的区域面积越小;交通道路对商业用地地价分布有重要影响,城市扩展会带动扩展方向的区域商业用地地价升高;商业用地地价从市中心向外围呈指数递减。     

METTL21C蛋白的序列特征、三维结构及分子进化

METTL21C蛋白作为甲基转移酶参与多种细胞进程的翻译后修饰,在生命活动中发挥重要的调控作用。从蛋白质信息数据库UniprotKB中选取36个不同代表物种的METTL21C蛋白作为研究对象,理化参数分析显示一级序列中氨基酸残基个数差异较大,平均为254个氨基酸残基,大多为偏酸亲水性蛋白。系统进化树显示36种METTL21C蛋白共分为哺乳类、爬行类、鸟类和鱼类4支,与物种的亲缘进化关系基本吻合。多序列比对和motif分析结果表明不同物种METTL21C蛋白的序列相似度较高,10个motif序列几乎覆盖了全长多肽链,大都含有motif 1～motif 5,但N端序列差异较大,在哺乳动物中包含特有的motif 7、motif 8和motif 10,而在多种鸟类中有大段序列缺失。结构对比分析发现不同物种METTL21C蛋白的空间构象绝大部分区域近乎完全重叠,仅少部分自由度较高的局部肽段有一定程度的差异,表明不同物种METTL21C在进化过程中一级序列有一定的差异,但是空间结构极为相似。以人METTL21C为蛋白质互作网络中心,直接相关蛋白质共11种,间接相关蛋白质共9种,说明METTL21C直接或间接参与多种细胞进程,调控机体的生命活动,为进一步深入研究METTL21C的生物学功能及其分子机制提供了理论基础。     

Estimation of above ground forest biomass from airborne discrete return laser scanner data using canopy-based quantile estimators

A conceptual model describing why laser height metrics derived from airborne discrete return laser scanner data are highly correlated with above ground biomass is proposed. Following from this conceptual model, the concept of canopy-based quantile estimators of above ground forest biomass is introduced and applied to an uneven-aged, mature to overmature, tolerant hardwood forest. Results from using the 0th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 100th percentiles of the distributions of laser canopy heights to estimate above ground biomass are reported. A comparison of the five models for each dependent variable group did not reveal any overt differences between models with respect to their predictive capabilities. The coefficient of determination (r ² ) for each model is greater than 0.80 and any two models may differ at most by up to 9%. Differences in root-mean-square error (RMSE) between models for above ground total, stem wood, stem bark, live branch and foliage biomass were 8.1, 5.1, 2.9, 2.1 and 1.1 Mg ha^?1, respectively.     

Investigation of mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity and phylogeny of goats worldwide

Genetic diversity, population structure, and population expansion of goats worldwide (4 165 individuals from 196 breeds) were analyzed using published mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D_loop hypervariable region sequences. Results showed that 2 409 haplotypes and 301 polymorphic sites were present within the 401-bp length D_loop region, the nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.03471, and the haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.9983. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 98.92% of haplotypes were divided into six obvious clusters, consistent with the classification of the known mitochondrial haplogroups of goats. Haplogroup A accounted for the largest proportion (86%). Interestingly, two unknown divisions (Unknown I and Unknown II) were discovered from goats in Southwest China, suggesting that Southwest China has unique maternal haplogroups. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and the average number of pairwise differences between populations (PiXY) indicated that geographical variation was small but significant. Neutrality tests (Tajima's D and Fu's F_S tests) and mismatch distribution showed that haplogroups B, C, and G had expansion histories. In addition, the phylogenetic relationship between domestic and wild goats suggested that Capra aegagrus is the most likely wild ancestor and may have participated in the domestication of ancestral populations of A, B, C, and F haplogroups. A meta-analysis on the mtDNA sequences of goats from international databases was conducted to analyze goats’ genetic diversity, population structure, and matrilineal system evolution worldwide. The results may help further understand the domestication history and gene flow of goats worldwide.     

新疆棉花播期对棉纤维糖类物质及超分子结构的影响

[目的]在新疆气候生态条件下,研究不同播期对棉纤维发育过程中纤维素累积和纤维超分子结构的影响,探讨纤维累积特征、超分子结构变化与纤维强度形成的关系,揭示棉花生育后期低温对棉纤维强度形成的影响.[方法]选用新陆早13号和新陆早33号为材料,采用分期播种的方法,形成棉铃发育的不同温度条件,研究棉纤维素发育过程中纤维素累积特性和纤维超分子结构的变化,分析纤维强度形成与超分子结构变化的关系.[结果]在新疆棉花生产正常播期处理条件下,棉纤维的发育处于较适宜的温度条件,纤维发育过程中纤维素积累速率平缓且经历时期长;在晚播条件下,棉纤维发育后期受到低温的影响,纤维素的快速积累起始时期推迟,纤维快速积累时期缩短,纤维素的理论最大含量下降,晚播处理棉纤维的取向分散角和取向分布角的角度大于正常播期处理,纤维强度下降.[结论]在棉纤维发育过程中,棉纤维发育期后期的低温不仅影响了纤维素的积累特性,导致纤维的超分子结构3个参数大于正常播期处理,不利于高强纤维的形成.     

不同树龄次生甜槠木荷林的树种组成与空间结构比较研究

为了进一步揭示次生甜槠Castanopsis eyrei木荷Schima superba林的林分空间结构特征,在浙江省遂昌县垵口村的20～25年生、35～40年生、55～60年生3个次生甜槠木荷林分别设置了面积为50 m×50 m的样地,进行了每木调查和坐标定位。通过样地Ripley聚集度分析和点Ripley聚集度分析,对3个样地中的优势树种及林分整体的空间格局进行对比分析。结果表明:随着树龄的增加,不同年龄的次生甜槠木荷林的上层乔木立木数量逐渐增加,下层乔木立木数量逐渐减少,树种数量相对稳定,但各层树种组成变化明显,其中上层木中甜槠、木荷、青冈Cyclobalanopsis glauca 3个优势种的比例从20～25年生时的20.41%增长到55～60年生时的73.53%;从空间结构看,20～25年生甜槠木荷林林分呈现聚集分布,35～40年生甜槠木荷林林分呈现半聚集半均匀分布状态,55～60年生甜槠木荷林林分呈现均匀分布。     

扎龙自然保护区羊草种群分蘖株的数量性状

[目的]为了研究扎龙自然保护区羊草种群分蘖株的数量性状。[方法]以扎龙羊草种群为研究对象,以年龄结构为切入点,对不同土壤生境条件下羊草分蘖株的数量性状进行了研究。[结果]在5~9月的取样中,扎龙保护区4种生境的羊草种群分蘖株平均数量表现为沙土>林间风沙土>草甸土>中度碱土,年龄结构最多由3个龄级组成,其中均以1龄和2龄级分蘖株占绝对优势,3龄级所占比例甚小,呈增长型年龄结构;不同生境分蘖株的生物量也表现为沙土>林间风沙土>草甸土>中度碱土,年龄组成均以1龄和2龄级分蘖株对种群物质生产的贡献大,3龄级所占比重很小,也呈增长型年龄结构。[结论]该研究为湿地的管理、开发利用提供了理论基础和理论指导。     

长航时轻型固定翼农用遥感无人机设计与仿真

针对电动无人机应用于农业遥感监测时受其续航时间限制的问题,从实际应用角度出发,设计了一种续航时间长、适用于农业遥感监测的翼身融合布局的轻型电动固定翼无人机.提出了翼身融合布局轻型固定翼无人机的总体设计方法,确定了轻型固定翼无人机的结构参数,建立了物理模型并对其参数进行了优化分析.通过计算流体力学(Computation...