钾硅钙微孔矿物肥对水稻重金属镉的降阻效果研究

为了探明钾硅钙微孔矿物肥对污染稻田土壤重金属镉(Cd)有效性的影响,弄清其对稻谷中Cd含量的降低效果。采用田间小区试验和室内分析测定方法进行研究,试验设5个处理,处理1:对照(CK),常规施肥(40%复合肥450 kg/hm2);处理2:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥600 kg/hm2+常规施肥;处理3:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥750 kg/hm2+常规施肥;处理4:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥1125 kg/hm2+常规施肥;处理5:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥1425 kg/hm2+常规施肥。结果表明:钾硅钙微孔矿物肥可以显著提高水稻穗总粒数、穗实粒数和结实率,提高水稻产量,增产率达到7.5%~16.0%;增加土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,提高土壤pH值,降低土壤有效Cd含量,从而降低稻谷Cd的积累,最大降低稻谷Cd含量达到38.6%。钾硅钙微孔矿物肥要达到降阻水稻重金属Cd的最佳效果,施用量不能低于1425 kg/hm2。     

镉-钙交互作用对植物的生态学效应

镉(Cd)由于其高毒性和易迁移的特点成为环境中最重要的有毒重金属之一,钙(Ca)作为植物必需元素,参与植物细胞代谢的调节和信号转导。为了明晰植物中Cd和Ca交互作用的机理,并有效的利用二者之间的相互关系,为重金属污染土壤的防治提供理论基础。笔者在广泛查阅了国内外研究和文献的基础上,总结了镉-钙交互作用对植物生态学效应为:(1)在植物的吸收过程中,Cd和Ca存在拮抗关系。一方面Cd和能抑制植物对Ca的吸收,使植物的生长受限;另外一方面Ca能抑制植物对Cd的吸收来缓解镉毒害。(2)施加外源Ca能够促进Cd毒害下植物的生长和光合色素的合成。(3)在调节抗氧化酶活性过程中,施加外源钙能够增强植物的抗氧化酶活性来降低氧化损伤。因此,镉钙交互作用下对植物生长、光合色素、抗氧化酶活性的影响过程中均存在拮抗作用。     

Na2CO3胁迫对非洲凤仙种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用室内水培试验,以不同浓度(10,20,30,40,50,60,70 mmol/L)的Na2CO3对非洲凤仙种子和幼苗进行胁迫处理,测定其种子发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势和叶绿素含量等指标.结果表明:各项指标与Na2CO3胁迫浓度呈明显负相关.当Na2CO3浓度达到50 mmol/L时,发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势显著下降,说明高浓度Na2CO3溶液对种子的萌发具有强烈的抑制作用.Na2CO3胁迫使叶绿素含量显著降低,严重影响幼苗的光合能力,抑制幼苗的正常生长.     

土地利用方式对黄土丘陵土壤CaCO_3含量及分布的影响

本文以具有典型黄土丘陵特征的砖窑沟流域为例,对该流域梁峁地主要土壤类型上不同土地利用方式下0～200cm层土壤剖面CaCO3含量进行了分析。结果表明:土壤CaCO3含量耕地>林地>荒草地;耕地土壤CaCO3有明显的累积层,累积深度约在20～100cm之间;林地累积层深度约在20～60cm之间;而荒草地无明显累积层。这种现象与一般干旱半干旱地区不同。     

Boron-Calcium Synergically Alleviates Aluminum Toxicity in Wheat Plants (Triticum aestivum L.)

The effects of B and Ca treatments on root growth, nutrient localization and cell wall properties in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) plants with and without Al stress were investigated. Seedlings were grown hydroponically in a complete nutrient solution for 7 d and then treated with B (0, 40 μM), Ca (0, 2,500 μM), and Al (0, 100 μM) in a 500 μM CaCl₂ solution for 8 d. The cell wall materials (CWM) were extracted with a phenol: acetic acid: water (2:1:1 w/v/v) solution and used for subsequent pectin extraction with trans -1,2-diami-nocyclohexane- N,N,N,N -tetraacetic acid (CDTA) and Na₂CO₃ solutions. Boron, Ca, and B + Ca treatments enhanced root growth by 19.5, 15.2, and 27.2%, respectively, compared to the control (pH 4.5). Calcium and B+Ca treatments enhanced root growth with Al stress by 43 and 54%, respectively, while B did not exert any effect. The amounts of CWM and pectin per unit of root fresh weight increased by Al treatment, whereas the Ca and B+Ca treatments slightly reduced the contents of these components. Seventy-four percent of total B, 69% of total Ca, and 85% of total Al were located in the cell wall in the B, Ca, and Al treatments, respectively and 32% of total B, 33% of total Ca, and 33% of total Al were located in the CDTA-soluble and Na₂CO₃-soluble pectin fractions. A more conspicuous localization of B was observed in the presence of Al. Aluminum treatment markedly decreased the Ca content in the cell wall as well as pectin fractions, mainly in the case of the CDTA-soluble pectin fraction. Boron + Ca treatment decreased the Al content in the cell wall and pectin fractions compared to the Ca treatment alone in the presence of Al. It is concluded that the B+Ca treatment enhanced root growth and, B and Ca uptake, and helped to maintain a normal B and Ca metabolism in the cell walls even in the presence of Al.     

石灰、多菌灵对巴西菇菌丝生长速度的影响

本试验研究不同浓度水平的石灰、多菌灵对巴西蘑菇菌丝生长速度的影响作用。结果表明,石灰浓度在2.5%时对菌丝生长有促进作用,浓度大于2.5%时对菌丝生长速度有抑制作用。多菌灵对菌丝有强烈抑制作用,并随浓度升高抑制作用增强,石灰、多菌灵有显著的协同效应。比单独使用石灰或多菌灵对菌丝的抑制作用更强。     

丛枝菌根真菌和糖醇螯合钙对草莓采后果实硬度和细胞壁酶活及其关键基因表达的影响

以盆栽‘红颜’草莓为试材,研究了摩西管柄囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae）和糖醇螯合钙不同浓度（0.10%、0.15%、0.20%）处理对草莓采后果实硬度和细胞壁酶活的变化,同时,初步探究了不同处理对草莓果实软化关键基因FaPG1、FaβGal4的表达水平的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,以糖醇螯合钙单独施用（0.15%和0.20%）、接种丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF）配施糖醇螯合钙均能显著提高草莓果实硬度。同时,不同处理均抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲酯酶（PME）、β-半乳糖苷酶（β-Gal）活性的上升,草莓果实软化关键基因FaPG1和FaβGal4在处理后均下调表达。在接种AMF条件下,随着糖醇螯合钙浓度的增加,果实硬度逐渐增强,其中以接种AMF联合施用0.20%糖醇螯合钙溶液效果最好。     

Mussel Shells,a Valuable Calcium Resource for the Pharmaceutical Industry

(1) Background: The mussel (Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis) is the most widespread lamellibranch mollusk, being fished on all coasts of the European seas. Mussels are also widely grown in Japan, China, and Spain, especially for food purposes. This paper shows an original technique for mussel shell processing for preparation of calcium salts, such as calcium levulinate. This process involves synthesis of calcium levulinate by treatment of Mytilus galloprovincialis shells with levulinic acid. The advantage of mussel shell utilization results in more straightforward qualitative composition. Thus, the weight of the mineral component lies with calcium carbonate, which can be used for extraction of pharmaceutical preparations. (2) Methods: Shell powder was first deproteinized by calcination, then the mineral part was treated with levulinic acid. The problem of shells generally resulting from the industrialization of marine molluscs creates enough shortcomings, if one only mentions storage and handling. One of the solutions proposed by us is the capitalization of calcium from shells in the pharmaceutical industry. (3) Results: The toxicity of calcium levulinate synthesized from the mussel shells was evaluated by the method known in the scientific literature as the Constantinescu phytobiological method (using wheat kernels, Triticum vulgare Mill). Acute toxicity of calcium levulinate was evaluated; the experiments showed the low toxicity of calcium levulinate. (4) Conclusion: The experimental results highlighted calcium as the predominant element in the composition of mussel shells, which strengthens the argument of capitalizing the shells as an important natural source of calcium.     

蛋壳粉少量替代石粉对蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质及钙代谢的影响

【目的】研究蛋壳粉少量替代石粉对蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质和钙代谢的影响。【方法】试验选择80只180日龄的健康山麻鸭蛋鸭,随机分为两组,每组5个重复,每个重复8只蛋鸭。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮基础上,用2 g蛋壳粉取代饲料中等量的钙添加量。试验为期56 d,试验期间检测蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、钙沉积量、血液中钙磷含量和钙代谢相关激素水平等指标。【结果】试验组平均蛋重、蛋壳强度和蛋白高度均显著高于对照组,表明添加蛋壳粉能明显提高蛋品质量。试验组蛋壳钙沉积量、血磷含量和血浆甲状旁腺素水平显著高于对照组,试验组血钙含量为4.74(±1.17)μmol/mL,极显著高于对照组的2.79(±1.00)μmol/mL,表明蛋壳粉更有利于钙沉积,能明显提高血液中钙磷含量和甲状旁腺素水平。【结论】蛋壳粉少量替代石粉可促进蛋鸭钙吸收代谢和蛋壳钙沉积,提高平均蛋重,改善蛋品质。     

外源氯化钙对低温胁迫下胡椒抗寒生理指标的影响

以中国胡椒主栽品种‘热引1号’胡椒为材料,设置4个不同浓度氯化钙（7、14、21、28 mmol/L）处理,以去离子水为对照,低温胁迫4 d（10 ℃/5 ℃,12 h/12 h）,恢复培养6 d（28 ℃/20 ℃,12 h/12 h）,观察表型并测定各处理的光合参数、抗氧化酶活性及渗透性物质含量变化情况。结果表明：7 mmol/L氯化钙处理胡椒可以改善寒害表型,随氯化钙浓度升高寒害表型逐渐加重;外施7 mmol/L氯化钙能够显著改善胡椒的净光合速率,随氯化钙浓度升高,净光合速率越来越低,氯化钙浓度过高时（达到28 mmol/L）净光合速率低于CK;与CK相比,外施7 mmol/L氯化钙能够显著提高抗氧化酶活性、增加可溶性糖含量、降低丙二醛含量。随处理浓度升高,抗氧化酶活性和可溶性糖含量越来越低,丙二醛含量越来越高。本研究结果为胡椒生产上抗寒技术指导和抗寒分子育种提供了参考。