鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用、消化酶活性及抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用、消化酶活性及抗氧化能力的影响。配制6种等氮等脂的试验饲料(粗蛋白质含量为45%、粗脂肪含量为10%),6种试验饲料中鸡肉粉的添加量分别为0(对照组)、5.25%、10.51%、15.77%、21.03%和31.54%,替代鱼粉的比例分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%和60%。选用初始体质量为(2.17±0.02)g的黄颡鱼幼鱼540尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾,进行为期8周的养殖试验。结果显示:饲料中鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例对黄颡鱼幼鱼成活率的影响不显著(P0.05)。当鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例由0增加到20%时,黄颡鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率及蛋白质效率均显著升高(P0.05);而当鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例由30%增加到60%时,黄颡鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率及蛋白质效率则显著降低(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例对黄颡鱼幼鱼的肥满度、脏体比和肠脂比无显著影响(P0.05)。黄颡鱼幼鱼全鱼和肌肉干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量在各组间均无显著差异(P0.05)。对照组黄颡鱼幼鱼的胃蛋白酶活性显著低于其他各组(P0.05);鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例大于10%时,黄颡鱼幼鱼的胃淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);10%鱼粉替代组黄颡鱼幼鱼的前肠淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);30%鱼粉替代组黄颡鱼幼鱼的肝脏淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。各鱼粉替代组黄颡鱼幼鱼血清谷草转氨酶活性与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),而血清谷丙转氨酶活性及甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量在鸡肉粉替代30%鱼粉组达到最高值,且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。黄颡鱼幼鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性在20%鱼粉替代组达到最高值,并显著高于对照组(P0.05);40%和60%鱼粉替代组肝脏丙二醛含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对肝脏过氧化氢酶活性没有显著影响(P0.05)。以增重率为评价指标,经折线模型分析得出,黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料中鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的最适比例为20.84%。     

3种核桃副产物多酚提取液的体外抗氧化活性分析

以核桃青皮、核桃粕和核桃壳为原料,用水和不同比例的甲醇、乙醇超声提取,测定了多酚提取率、还原力和提取物对DPPH自由基、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除率。结果表明:使用40%乙醇为提取剂,多酚提取率最高,纯水的提取率最低。3种核桃副产物多酚醇提取物都具有体外抗氧化能力,强弱顺序为:核桃青皮>核桃粕>核桃壳。核桃青皮醇提物具有良好的抗氧化性能,可作为抗氧化剂。     

高新技术在鸡肉及其副产品综合利用中的应用

本文介绍了酶技术、发酵技术、膜分离技术及冷冻相关技术等现代高新技术在鸡肉及其副产品综合利用中的应用现状和前景，阐明了高新技术在鸡肉加工及其副产品综合利用中的经济及社会意义，为鸡肉加工及其相关产业提供了参考。     

Lobster,Homarus americanus,Gastric Fluid Is a Barrier to the Ciliate,Anophryoides haemophila,in an in vitro Study

ABSTRACT

Ciliated protozoan disease caused by Anophryoides hae-mophila, also called “bumper car” disease, has been noted in impounded American lobsters, Homarus americanus, in the Gulf of Maine from 1990 to the present. One possible infection route for ciliated protozoan disease in the American lobster is through the digestive tract. The survival of A. haemophila in gastric fluid from healthy lobsters was tested in vitro. “Bumper cars” did not survive exposure to diluted gastric fluid for longer than one minute. Most ciliates (99%) died within 30 seconds of exposure to gastric fluid. All ciliates died within one minute. Disruption of the ciliate cuticle was apparent after two minutes. The cuticle was completely lysed in six minutes. All ciliates were digested in 8 minutes. These data suggest ciliate infection of American lobsters through the digestive tract is unlikely and cannibalism of infected lobsters is unlikely to result in transfer of the disease.     

超声辅助酶解鲣加工副产物制备蛋白胨

为了提高水产加工副产物的利用率和附加值,以鲣加工副产物为原料,采用胰蛋白酶结合超声处理制备蛋白胨,并分析了鲣加工副产物超声辅助酶解过程中蛋白酶活性、水解度、氮回收率、TCA-可溶性氮回收率、酶解产物分子量分布等指标的变化,探究了超声辅助酶解的作用时间、温度以及超声功率等因素对鲣加工副产物酶解产物的影响,通过单因素实验优化确定了蛋白胨制备的最佳酶解工艺条件。结果显示,超声处理造成胰蛋白酶酶活发生显著变化,在功率为120 W的超声场下,胰蛋白酶酶活在30 min内呈上升趋势,但在超声场处理30 min后,胰蛋白酶的酶活呈明显下降趋势,至4 h后酶活变化趋势趋于平缓。超声功率和酶解温度都会影响胰蛋白酶对鲣加工副产物的酶解效率,在超声功率240 W和酶解温度50°C条件下,氮回收率比无超声处理组提高了18.66%,水解度提高了30.43%,TCA-可溶性氮回收率提高了33.20%,且超声处理有效提高了酶解液中小分子肽的含量。超声辅助酶解鲣加工副产物的最佳工艺条件为温度55°C,超声功率240 W,酶解时间4 h,此时氮回收率为81.40%,TCA-可溶性氮回收率为40.75%。     

Sugarcane bagasse amendment mitigates nutrient leaching from a mineral soil under tropical conditions

Large quantities of organic by-products are generated by the sugarcane industry during sugar extraction process. These by-products may be used as soil amendments to improve soil quality, as nutrient leaching is common in mineral soils of Florida in USA due to their sandy texture and frequent rain events. A soil column study was designed to evaluate the effects of bagasse application at 85 t ha^-1 of fresh bagasse, 170 t ha^-1 of fresh bagasse, and 170 t ha^-1 of fre...     

利用畜禽加工副产品替代点带石斑鱼饲料中的鱼粉

比较网葙养殖点带石斑鱼对宠物级鸡肉粉(简称P-PBM)和一种畜禽蛋白混合物(由饲料级鸡肉粉、羽毛粉和血粉按质量比65:20:15的比例混合而成,简称MM)的利用能力.设5组等蛋白(49％粗蛋白)、等能(19 MJ· kg-1总能)饲料:对照饲料中添加50.0％鱼粉,在其余4组饲料中分别加入15.0％、30.0％的P-PBM或13.9％、27.8％的MM替代对照饲料中鱼粉的30％、60％,每个饲料处理设3个网箱重复,每个网箱中放养30尾鱼[初始体质量(33.4土0.1)g],饲养实验持续10周.结果表明:通过添加P-PBM或MM将点带石斑鱼饲料中鱼粉含量降低到20.0％对鱼摄食、增质量、饲料系数、氮储积效率(NRE)、磷储积效率(PRE)和鱼体组成无明显的不良影响;利用P-PBM部分替代鱼粉后鱼生长速度趋于加快,NRE和PRE趋于升高.本实验结果证实P-PBM是点带石斑鱼的优质饲料蛋白源,将其与鱼粉搭配使用可提高网箱养殖点带石斑鱼的生长性能和食物利用效率.     

饲料级鸡肉粉对黄鳝生长、消化酶及血清生化指标的影响

将初始体质量(26.67±0.05)g的健康黄鳝饲养在1.5 m×2.0 m×1.5 m的网箱中,网箱内水花生覆盖水面90％以上,投喂用饲料级鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的5组等氮等脂饲料:鱼粉组(对照组)、15％替代组、30％替代组、45％替代组和60％替代组,研究以饲料级鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对黄鳝生长、肠道消化酶活力以及血清生化指标的...     

响应面法优化中性蛋白酶酶解海湾扇贝副产物制备抗氧化酶解物研究

采用响应面法优化中性蛋白酶酶解海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradias)副产物蛋白制备抗氧化酶解物工艺。以DPPH自由基清除率和还原能力为响应值,在底物浓度、温度、时间、酶与底物比4个单因素实验基础上,优化确定3个显著性因素。获得实验条件下最佳制备工艺为:底物浓度25 mg·mL^-1、温度50℃、时间3.8 h、酶与底物比1.5%。在此条件下,实验验证酶解海湾扇贝副产物蛋白制备抗氧化酶解物的DPPH清除率为81.93%(预测值为83.19%),还原能力为58.12%(预测值为58.92%),DPPH自由基清除率和还原能力的IC 50值分别为0.264 mg·mL^-1和3.136 mg·mL^-1,且表现出较强的抗氧化活性。研究表明,优化后的回归模型用于预测中性蛋白酶酶解海湾扇贝副产物蛋白制备抗氧化酶解物是可行的。     

Replacement of fish meal with poultry by-product meal in diets formulated for the humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to examine the possibility of replacing fish meal with poultry by-product meal (PBM) at high inclusion levels in the diets of the humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis, a carnivorous marine tropical fish. Six isolipidic (12%) and isoproteic (50%), experimental diets were formulated to contain graded levels of PBM. Fish meal protein was replaced with a feed-grade PBM at 50, 75 or 100% level (FPBM50, FPBM75, FPBM100, respectively), or a pet food grade PBM at 75 or 100% replacement level (PPBM75 and PPBM100, respectively). The control diet contained Danish fish meal as the sole protein source. The experimental diets were fed close to apparent satiation, twice a day to triplicate groups of humpback grouper fingerlings (12.4 ± 0.2 g). The grouper fingerlings were randomly distributed into groups of 15 fish in cylindrical cages (61 cm depth and 43 cm diameter) and placed in a 150-ton seawater polyethylene tank. Except for fish fed the FPBM100 diet, growth performance, survival, and feed utilization efficiency for fish fed PBM-based diets were not significantly lower (P > 0.05) compared to fish fed the control diet. The PBM source and dietary level did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) the hepato- and visero-somatic indices or the condition factor of fish. Dry matter and protein apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the diets decreased with increasing dietary PBM, and ranged from 64.3-71.5% and 86.2 to 91.2%, respectively. High values (91.7 to 96.7%) for lipid ADC were observed in all diets, with no significant differences among dietary treatments. Whole-body moisture and lipid contents of the fish were not affected by the inclusion of PBM in the diets. With the exception of fish fed the FPBM100 diet, whole-body protein of fish fed the PBM-based diets was slightly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. There was a trend of increased whole-body ash with the increase in dietary levels of PBM. The results from this study indicate that good quality terrestrial PBM can successfully replace more than half the protein from marine fish meal in the diets for humpback grouper. However, total replacement of fish meal with PBM might be constrained by lowered nutrient digestibility and limiting essential amino acids, especially lysine and methionine.