温度对魁蚶稚贝潜沙能力及对多棘海盘车捕食魁蚶稚贝能力的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了温度变化(10、15、20、25和30℃)对魁蚶稚贝(壳长2~3 cm)潜沙能力,及多棘海盘车对魁蚶稚贝捕食速率的影响。结果发现,水温10℃时,魁蚶稚贝的初次潜沙时间(初潜时间)最长,潜沙率最低,分别为28.87 min、21.25%,且与其他温度处理组差异显著(P0.05)。20℃时,魁蚶稚贝初潜时间最短、潜沙率最高,分别为7.49 min、55.63%,可视为魁蚶稚贝的最适潜沙温度。多棘海盘车对魁蚶稚贝的捕食速率受温度影响显著,水温20℃时捕食速率最大,为5.28个/d,且与10℃、25℃处理组间存在明显差异(P0.05)。水温15~20℃时,多棘海盘车的捕食温度系数Q10为2.22,可视为其最适捕食温度。魁蚶稚贝的最适潜沙温度与多棘海盘车的最适捕食温度范围重叠。因此,在水温20℃左右进行魁蚶稚贝底播增殖时,也是多棘海盘车捕食速率的最高时期,应加强底播海区多棘海盘车的清除。     

The “Tears of the Virgin” at Lakes Entrance,southeast Australia were made by the intertidal barnacle Chthamalus antennatus (Cirripedia: Thoracica) and cyanobacteria

Curious eroded depressions, most resembling an eye shedding an elongate tear, are found in gently sloping, intertidal, carbonate‐rich arenite outcropping on the sea coast near Lakes Entrance, Victoria, southeast Australia. The depressions, known locally as “Tears of the Virgin,” are evidently formed by multiple generations of a barnacle, Chthamalus antennatus Darwin, 1854 in association with cyanobacteria. While the round part of a depression offers the barnacle a modicum of protection from impacts during high tides, it is also partially inhabited by cyanobacteria, which extend into and tend to fill the elongate tear. As such, this appears to be the first case of mutualism between a higher invertebrate and cyanobacteria, with the cyanobacteria reducing the barnacle's risk of desiccation while receiving metabolic wastes from it during low tides. It is also the first record of a balanomorph barnacle eroding calcareous arenite beneath its shell, the net effect of which would be expected to reduce its adhesion to the substrate. However, the siliceous residue, resulting from the barnacle's dissolution of the more than 80% of the calcite‐rich sedimentary rock, is sequestered in delicate folds on the inside of the shell wall as it grows. A brief review of cirripedes capable of excavation includes the first photographic documentation of excavation of a mollusc shell by a verrucomorph.     

泥沙比例对不同规格菲律宾蛤仔幼贝潜沙行为的影响

为探明不同泥沙比例的底质对不同规格菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum潜沙的影响,在水温13~15℃的室内实验室条件下,研究了4种规格(壳长为13、17、23、25 mm)的蛤仔幼贝在5种泥沙比例的底质(泥沙比为全沙、3∶7、1∶1、7∶3、全泥)中的潜沙情况。结果表明:4种规格蛤仔在5种底质中的48h潜沙率以全沙组最高,其他含泥组均比全沙组明显降低(P0.05),且含泥组间无显著性差异(P0.05);底质相同时,规格越小蛤仔的潜沙速度越快,平均48 h潜沙率越高;方差分析表明,蛤仔规格、底质及两者的交互作用均对蛤仔的潜沙率有显著影响(P0.05);底质中总有机碳含量与48 h潜沙率呈极显著直线负相关(P0.01),说明底质的粒径和化学成分共同影响蛤仔的潜沙速度。研究表明,滩涂养殖时选择10~15 mm蛤仔苗种,投放在沙比例较大的海区将利于蛤仔快速潜沙。     

高原鼢鼠挖掘活动对采食洞道土壤水肥的影响

为了解高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)挖掘活动对采食洞道土壤水肥的影响,在祁连山东段高寒草甸同一放牧强度区,对高原鼢鼠活动洞道、非活动洞道、无洞道土壤的容重、水分、有机质、全氮以及速效N,P和K含量进行了测定,并通过One-Way ANOVA检验和T检验进行比较分析。结果表明,高原鼢鼠的挖掘活动对土壤速效P、K无显著影响(P0.05),但会增加洞道土壤容重及20~30cm土层有机质、全氮、速效氮含量(P0.05),减少0~10cm土层土壤含水量及速效氮含量(P0.05),导致洞道土壤部分营养成分垂直方向的变化。     

Variability in reproductive fitness and virulence of four Radopholus similis nematode populations associated with plantains and banana (Musa spp.) in Uganda

Burrowing nematodes (Radopholus similis) are among the most serious nematode pests affecting banana and plantain (Musa spp.). In Uganda, bananas, which are known locally as “matooke”, are the main staple. Radopholus similis populations collected in four banana-growing locations (Namulonge, Mbarara, Ikulwe and Mukono) were cultured monoxenically on carrot discs, and we compared the variability in reproductive fitness and virulence (as a function of time and inoculum level) of different populations of R. similis from Uganda. Their level of pathogenicity was determined by assessing the nematode reproductive ratio; that is, final population divided by the initial population. These in vitro experiments showed that the R. similis population from Mbarara had the highest reproduction ratio, while the population from Mukono had the lowest reproduction ratio. This assessment along with pathogenicity experiments on host Musa plants provides a means for defining pathogenicity groups among R. similis populations.     

总氨态氮和pH对菲律宾蛤仔“斑马蛤2号”品系幼贝潜沙的影响

为研究总氨态氮(TAN)和pH对菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum“斑马蛤2号”(简称“Zebra 2”)品系幼贝潜沙的影响,在实验室内以天然海水为对照,研究了不同TAN质量浓度(0.12、0.51、1.03、1.64、2.93、5.93、12.30、28.00、54.90 mg/L)和pH(7.00、7.31、7.55、7.77、8.15、8.27、8.54、8.81、9.09)对“Zebra 2”蛤仔幼贝(壳长为4.78 mm±0.60 mm)潜沙的影响。结果表明:TAN胁迫试验显示,在水温20.7℃、盐度29和pH 8.12条件下,ρ(TAN)≤54.90 mg/L时对幼贝竖壳ET5无显著性影响(P>0.05),对竖壳ET50和潜沙ET50的最大毒物允许浓度(MATC)为28.00~54.90 mg/L,对潜沙ET100的MATC为0.51~1.03 mg/L,对24 h潜沙率的MATC为5.93~12.30 mg/L;pH胁迫试验显示,在水温27.1℃、盐度22.8及pH 7.00~9.09条件下,幼贝均能潜沙,但不同pH条件下潜沙速度有差异,pH为7.00~9.09时对幼贝竖壳ET5无显著性影响(P>0.05),pH为7.55~9.09时对竖壳ET50无影响,pH为7.31~9.09时对潜沙ET50无影响,pH为7.31~8.27时对潜沙ET100无影响,pH为7.00~9.09时对24 h潜沙率无显著性影响(P>0.05)。研究表明:适宜“Zebra 2”蛤仔幼贝潜沙ET100的TAN为0.12~0.51 mg/L或pH为7.31~8.27;pH为7.00~9.09时对蛤仔幼贝24 h潜沙率无影响,而TAN≥28.00 mg/L时导致其24 h潜沙率明显下降。     

Effect of transfer time,temperature, and size on burrowing capacity of juvenile clams,Mulinia edulis,from hatchery

Studies under laboratory and field conditions have shown that juvenile Mulinia edulis clams measuring 5–15 mm are able to tolerate transfer times of over 24 hr and burrow successfully. Burrowing generally followed an asymptotic curve over time, with a rapid initial phase for smaller juveniles, which slowed over time. In laboratory conditions, at low temperatures (8°C), juvenile burrowing was initially rapid (50–70% at first 2 min). In summer temperatures (15.5°C), the burrowing capacity of three sizes of juvenile clams was tested. Size determines differences in burrowing dynamics, where juveniles of 8.9 mm shell length (SL) take longer to burrow than smaller juveniles (4.9 and 6.3 mm SL). For longer transfer times in laboratory conditions (>12 hr), burrowing was slower. The results indicate a faster burrowing rate in smaller (<10 mm) juvenile clams than in larger ones. Transfer times over 24 hr in field experiments show burrowing levels of over 50% after a 60‐min evaluation, with larger juveniles (>10 mm) requiring longer for burrowing. Based on our results, we suggest sending seeds out to grow in natural environments at SL <10 mm, temperatures below 12°C, and transfer times shorter than 12 hr. These results are valuable for improving future transfer techniques from hatchery to growout for small‐scale aquaculture of this new native species in South America.     

Terbufos biodegradability and efficacy against Radopholus similis in soils from banana cultivation having different histories of nematicide use,and the effect of terbufos on plant growth of in vitro-propagated Musa AAA cv. Grande Naine

The aims of this investigation were to: (1) determine whether there is enhanced biodegradability of terbufos in soils of banana plantations infested with Radopholus similis; (2) whether nematicide use history affects the degree of biodegradation; and (3) establish whether terbufos has phytotoxic side-effects on banana root growth. A greenhouse bioassay, using soils collected from different banana fields in Costa Rica, revealed that terbufos underwent enhanced biodegradation in the soil of a plantation having a long history of terbufos use. In the soils of two other plantations, where terbufos had never been used, and in another where the most recent terbufos application had occurred over a year before soil collection, high nematicide activity against R. similis was obtained even 60 days after application. Our study demonstrated that terbufos efficacy lasted longer in soils with no or low history of terbufos than in soils that had been treated several times. Terbufos did not reduce root fresh weight of in vitro-propagated bananas, and its positive effect was related to a control of R. similis.     

铅单一及铅镉复合暴露对赤子爱胜蚓急性毒性效应及其掘穴行为响应

重金属是一种重要的土壤环境污染物,严重危害着土壤动物的生存。蚯蚓是最重要的土壤动物之一,被称为土壤生态工程师,对土壤污染物非常敏感。当前,关于重金属污染对土壤动物蚯蚓急性毒性效应的研究已经很多,但关于重金属对蚯蚓行为变化方面的研究还非常缺乏。本研究以赤子爱胜蚓为实验对象,采用滤纸急性毒性试验法研究铅单一及铅镉复合污染对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应,并采用2D装置评价蚯蚓的掘穴行为响应。研究结果表明：1）通过滤纸接触法,铅单一污染下赤子爱胜蚓的半致死浓度48 h（LC50）为439.33 mg/L;铅镉复合污染时赤子爱胜蚓的48 h LC50为Cd2+ 84.20 mg/L和 Pb2+ 239.55 mg/L,且两者联合毒性效应为拮抗作用。2）随着铅单一、铅镉复合处理浓度的增加,蚯蚓洞穴总长度和每日最大深度与对照相比显著下降,处理第7 d,150 mg/kg Pb胁迫下蚯蚓洞穴总长度和每日最大深度与对照相比分别降低了85.63%与59.65%,144 mg/kg Pb+35 mg/kg Cd复合胁迫下蚯蚓洞穴总长度和每日最大深度与对照相比分别降低了95.28%与61.63%;相关分析表明,洞穴长度与暴露时间、铅处理浓度、暴露时间×铅处理浓度、铅镉处理浓度、铅镉处理浓度×时间均存在极显著的相关性;洞穴每日最大深度与暴露时间、铅处理浓度、铅镉处理浓度存在极显著的相关性。本研究建立剂量-效应关系研究重金属对蚯蚓的直接毒性与潜在风险评估,为蚯蚓掘穴行为的洞穴长度与深度作为潜在且有前途的生物标志物提供了理论支持与科学依据。     

Improvement of earthworm (Lumbricidae) community and activity in mine soils from open-cast coal mining by the application of different organic waste materials

Earthworms are important members of the decomposer food web in a wide range of sites. Previous field investigations on the development of earthworm populations of mine soils in the Lusatian coal mining region, Germany, have shown quite small population densities in quaternary sands and less or even no earthworms present in sandy soils derived from tertiary deposits. The aim of the present investigation was to improve the development of earthworm populations in mine soils from tertiary deposits by applying various types and amounts of organic waste residues, such as sewage sludge, composted sewage sludge, and green waste derived compost. Additionally, we were interested in the stimulation effect of organic waste materials on parameters of earthworm activity, such as food consumption and burrowing activity. The investigations were carried out in field mesocosms and laboratory experiments (microcosms; observation cages). In general, the population density, fresh biomass, food consumption, and the burrowing activity of earthworms were significantly improved by the application of the various organic waste materials compared with mineral fertilizers. Fresh sewage sludge in addition to composted sewage sludge were found to be the most favourable organic waste residues compared with green waste derived composts. The addition of brown coal sludge to sewage sludge did not reduced the stimulation effect. There was considerable variation in the population structure of a defined earthworm community which was exposed in the mesocosms during a two year period in relation to the types and amounts of the organic waste materials applied.