Genetic diversity of the pine pathogen Lecanosticta acicola in Slovenia and Croatia

Brown spot needle blight (BSNB), a disease of pine trees caused by the fungus Lecanosticta acicola, has been known in Slovenia since 2008 and in Croatia since 1975. Recent outbreaks in Slovenia prompted this study to compare L. acicola populations in these two neighbouring European countries. Sixty-nine isolates collected from three pine species (Pinus mugo, P. halepensis and P. nigra) were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships, genetic structure, and reproductive strategy of the pathogen. EF1-α sequences showed that Slovenian and Croatian isolates share a common ancestry with individuals from central and northern Europe. Population structure analysis revealed four distinct population clusters of L. acicola in these two countries, generally corresponding to their respective geographic location and host. An unequal ratio of mating types and a low overall genetic diversity in the population indicated a strong influence of asexual reproduction. Although some of the oldest recorded European occurrences of BSNB are from Croatia, this study provided no evidence that the population studied in Croatia was the source of the sampled outbreaks in Slovenia. Recent outbreaks of L. acicola in Slovenia are most likely due to introductions from other, yet to be identified, sources.     

贵州省白及叶褐斑病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确贵州省白及叶褐斑病病原菌及其生物学特性,采用组织分离法和离体接种法分别对其病原菌进行分离和致病性测定,利用形态学及ITS、EF-1α、β-tubulin基因序列分析对病原菌的分类进行鉴定,并对病原菌的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明:分离得到的白及叶褐斑病病原菌菌株编号为HGUP_(17)355;该菌菌丝白色、羊绒状,菌落中心隆起呈淡黄色、背面枫叶红色,大型分生孢子窄镰刀形,3～8个分隔,未见厚垣孢子,小型分生孢子卵圆形,1～2个分隔;在以ITS、EF-1α、β-tubulin三个基因序列构建的系统发育树中,菌株HGUP_(17)355与燕麦镰刀菌Fusarium avenaceum聚于一支,且支持率达100%,结合形态特征与分子生物学将其鉴定为燕麦镰刀菌。该菌菌丝最适生长温度为20℃,最适生长pH为6,在燕麦片琼脂培养基上生长最快,以麦芽糖为碳源、以L-苯丙氨酸为氮源时利用率最高,致死温度为45℃,对光照不敏感。     

四种除草剂在水稻上的消解及残留规律研究

为研究四种水稻用除草剂(苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、丙草胺、丁草胺)的消解及残留规律,建立了四种除草剂在土壤、糙米、稻壳中的分析检测方法:四种除草剂在各基质中三个添加水平的回收率均在70%-110%范围内,变异系数在1.5%-14.9%之间;基质标准曲线在0.01~1mg/kg的线性范围内,可决系数均在0.98以上,线性相关性良好,可满足检测要求。土壤检测结果显示按照推荐剂量和二倍推荐剂量施药10d后,四种除草剂的残留量均小于本方法定量限;四种除草剂最终残留量均小于糙米中最低残留限量,表明在水稻上按照推荐剂量使用这四种除草剂是安全的。     

60%吡唑醚菌酯·代森联水分散粒剂防治猕猴桃褐斑病田间药效试验

2017年开展的60%吡唑醚菌酯·代森联水分散粒剂防治猕猴桃褐斑病田间药效试验,结果表明,该药剂对猕猴桃灰霉病有很好的防治效果,于叶片发病初期使用有效剂量400~600mg/kg,连续茎叶喷雾2次,10d后防治效果达75%~83%,试验剂量下对猕猴桃树生长安全。     

两系杂交水稻糙米率的配合力研究

选用8个籼型光温敏不育系作母本,30个恢复系品种作父本,共配制两系杂交水稻组合74个,进行两系杂交水稻糙米率配合力遗传研究.结果表明:1)两系法杂交水稻杂种F1谷粒的糙米率与父本(恢复系)和双亲平均的谷粒糙米率呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.3123和0.3068;与母本(不育系)谷粒糙米率相关不显著,相关系数为0.1031.2)6×6不完全双列杂交法配合力分析结果表明,两系杂交水稻糙米率性状的表现在组合间差异极显著;父、母本的一般配合力效应和组合的特殊配合力效应差异显著;父、母本的一般配合力作用大于组合的特殊配合力作用,一般配合力方差占总个基因型方差的65.02%,特殊配合力方差占34.98%;一般配合力作用,父本的作用(基因型方差为63.70)大于母本的作用(基因型方差为55.34).     

原油和燃油对南海重要海水增养殖生物的急性毒性试验

测定了南海原油、０号柴油和２０号柴油对３种仔虾、种仔鱼和４种贝类的急性毒性。油类对仔鱼和仔虾的毒性大小顺序为：０号柴油〉２０号柴油〉南海原油;对３种贝类（文蛤除外）的毒性大小顺序为０号柴油〉南海原油。油类分散液的毒性大于其水溶性组分。在曝油的３种仔虾中,刀额新对虾对０号柴油和２０号柴油的耐受力最弱,而日本对虾对南海原油最为敏感。曝油仔鱼对３种湍类的耐受力顺序为：黄鳍鲷〉前鳞鲻〉黑鲷,而七星鲈对０号     

Influence of light intensity on biofilm formation and the performance of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis juveniles reared in cages

A reduction in light intensity may increase shrimp activity, although it may also negatively affect the development of photoautotrophic organisms present in biofilm, an important natural food source for shrimp. This experiment evaluated the influence of light intensity on biofilm development and on the growth of cultured Farfantepenaeus paulensis juveniles. Six cages were deployed in a shrimp culture pond and stocked with 60 juveniles (0.72 ± 0.03 g). Three cages were randomly chosen and covered with five layers of polyamide net to reduce light incidence (shaded treatment), while the other three cages were not covered (control treatment). Biofilm chlorophyll a and microorganism abundance, as well as shrimp growth, were monitored during the experiment. Chlorophyll a concentration and the abundance of bacteria and flagellates were significantly lower in the shaded treatment (P<0.05). After 75 rearing days, shrimp stocked in control treatment achieved significantly higher (5.98 g) (P<0.05) mean weight than shrimp reared in shaded treatment cages (5.13 g). Similarly, the biomass produced was also significantly higher (P<0.05) in the control treatment (322.92 g) than in the shaded treatment (287.31 g). The results of this study demonstrate that light intensity has a huge influence on shrimp performance mainly due to the increase in natural food availability.     

Utilization of corn gluten meal as a protein source in the diet of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

A 57‐day feeding trial was designed to assess the potential of corn gluten meal (CGM) as a plant protein source in practical feeds for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Five experimental diets providing 350 g kg^?1 protein and 110 g kg^?1 lipid were prepared, where 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of fishmeal (FM) protein was substituted by protein from CGM. The results showed that partial or complete replacement of FM with CGM did not affect survival. The growth of the shrimp declined as the levels of CGM increased, diets containing CGM showing a significantly lower final weight (3.2–5.9 g) and specific growth rates (1.7–2.7% per day) compared to those fed on the diet with 0 CGM (7.1 g and 3.0% per day). Feed conversion ratio was also significantly affected by CGM level. The inclusion of CGM resulted in a statistical decrease in the apparent digestibility (AD) of dry matter from 77.9% to 66.0% and in AD of protein from 80.5% to 52.0%, of feed. The AD of amino acids, with the exception of lysine, declined with the dietary incorporation of CGM. In summary, reduced palatability, low protein digestibility and a deficiency of lysine and methionine seem to be the major reasons behind a depressed growth in shrimp fed on CGM protein‐based diets.     

凡纳滨对虾不同养殖密度高位池水体细菌群落动态

通过对养殖水体环境基因组DNA中细菌16S rRNA基因V4–V5区的高通量测序和生物信息学分析,研究了两种养殖密度的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)高位池水体中细菌群落在养殖过程中的动态。结果显示,养殖过程中各菌群相对丰度变化明显,细菌多样性随时间逐渐提高,优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)。随着养殖时间增长,蓝藻丰度所占比例逐渐减少,而变形菌、拟杆菌和浮霉菌丰度逐渐增大,同时养殖前期高密度池浮霉菌丰度显著高于低密度池(P0.01),而其他菌群无显著差异。结果表明,养殖期前50 d不同养殖密度水体细菌群落差异较大,而后30 d内细菌群落的时间异质性大于空间异质性,这意味着高位池水体菌相被划分为两类,到养殖后期菌相快速转变,养殖密度所带来的影响被减弱。     

磺胺甲基异噁唑在中国明对虾体内的残留和消除规律

在(20±2)℃水温条件下,研究磺胺甲基异唑在中国明对虾肌肉、血淋巴和肝胰脏3种组织中的残留及消除规律。药物在对虾肌肉、血淋巴、肝胰脏中的残留用二氯甲烷提取,反相高效液相色谱法检测,最低检测限可达0.01μg/mL,平均回收率为80%~90%。研究结果表明:磺胺甲基异唑在中国明对虾血淋巴中的残留量最小,在肝胰脏中的残留量最大且消除较慢,差异明显。建议把对虾的肝胰脏作为该药残留监控的靶组织,相应的休药期至少为20 d。