Fisheries management scenarios: trade‐offs between economic and biological objectives

An age‐structured, population biology submodel and an economic submodel with vessel‐specific dynamics were applied to a demersal fishery in the North Aegean (NE Mediterranean) that consists of three main stocks: European hake Merluccius merluccius (L.), red mullet Mullus barbatus L. and striped red mullet Mullus surmuletus L. The Mefisto model is a bioeconomic simulation model through which the biological and economic submodels (disaggregated at the vessel level) are linked by means of a fishing mortality vector. Alternative management scenarios were built and tested based on input controls, and the performance of these strategies was examined against those of current policies. Three alternative management strategies were as follows: (1) reducing the coastal fisheries' fleet units; (2) limiting the effort level (days at sea) of the trawl fleets; and (3) changing the selectivity patterns of the trawl by increasing mesh size. The results show that for all three species, any of the three management measures (input controls) would be beneficial to both the stock and the fleets (over the medium and long terms) compared with the projections over time for the status quo. Improving the selectivity of the fishing gear proved to be more beneficial than limiting nominal effort, which was in turn more beneficial than decreasing coastal fleet size.     

黄海北部单船有翼单囊底拖网结构优化研究

为解决单船有翼单囊底拖网作业时兼捕稚幼鱼比例较大的问题,增大了原生产网第五节网背网衣的网目尺寸,并将改进后的生产网作为试验网,在黄海北部海洋岛附近海域采用交替作业法进行原生产网和试验网各10网次的对比试验。结果表明:试验网的总渔获质量比原生产网减少69.87 kg;原生产网捕获27种渔获物,试验网捕获19种渔获物,比原生产网减少8种,兼捕现象得到缓解;相比原生产网,试验网中的各渔获种类体长分布范围向右偏移,说明体长范围偏小的渔获物得到一定释放。本研究结果可为中国拖网类渔具的结构优化和渔业资源保护提供参考。     

捕鱼拖网形状与张力特性的数值模拟与水槽试验

为更好地利用数值模拟方法了解拖网的形状与张力变化特性,该文通过有限元计算方法和水槽试验的手段,以日本某四片式中层拖网模型为例,构建了拖网的水动力学特性数学模型,并进行了相应的水槽模型试验。通过计算值与试验值的比较,分析了拖网的形状变化(网口高度、网口宽度以及网身长度)、各部分受力变化(空纲拉力和拖网网衣目脚张力分布变化)以及相关的配线问题,说明仿真模型可以对拖网在水流中的变化进行有效模拟。拖网空纲力的试验值与计算值误差约为10%,网口高度、网身长度符合较好,网口宽度的平均误差小于10%。模型拖网网身中浮沉子纲、力纲及其周边网目受力较大,网囊部分受力较小,随着流速增加,上下网片比左右网片受力更大。同时,数值模拟计算可以为拖网配线提供量化依据,然而由于拖网类型多样,不同设计导致张力分布不同,故此需要具体类型具体分析。该研究结果表明,该文数值计算模型可以有效进行拖网的仿真模拟,为设计和改进拖网提供参考。     

南极磷虾拖网结构优化设计与网具性能试验

目前中国南极磷虾渔业缺乏专用捕捞网具,针对现有网具与渔船匹配性差、网口扩张较小的主要问题,通过分析多种现用南极磷虾拖网结构及性能,提出了缩短南极磷虾捕捞网具总长度和网身长度的优化方案,自主设计了TN01型4片式小网目南极磷虾拖网。实船海上生产测试结果表明:当曳纲长度小于230 m时,囊网部位后翘影响导鱼效果。当曳纲大于230 m后,随着作业水深增加,囊网所处水深增加,拖网网型展开良好,建议网具浮沉比配备为1:1.1;网口垂直扩张与曳纲收放长度关系无显著相关,拖网航速为1.542 m/s时试验网具网口高度为26~29 m,垂直扩张比达到0.11~0.12;随着曳纲长度由90 m放长到370 m,水平扩张也由14 m扩张到20 m,水平扩张比为0.22~0.32;渔获量对比分析表明,昼夜之间渔获量差异不大,白天平均网次产量为33 t,夜晚平均网次产量为28 t,平均每网次渔获产量为30 t,较同渔区作业渔船(平均每网次产量约20 t)提高约50%。试验网具达到设计预估性能、渔获效率理想,可为进一步自主研发南极磷虾捕捞网具提供参考依据。     

灌水沟微地形及断面形状变异性对灌水质量影响及敏感性分析

为研究沟灌受水界面的时空变异性对灌水质量的影响,本文通过田间试验测试了灌水前后沟底微地形及断面形状的变化情况,并对实测数据进行了计算分析。结果表明:随时间推移,在灌水等多因素的影响下,表征沟底微地形起伏状况的S_d值呈现减小趋势,平均由3.45降至1.17,变异性逐渐减小,变异系数平均由0.17降至0.09,沟底微地形逐渐趋于平整;表征沟断面形状变异情况的P_1值标准差及变异性呈现增加趋势,标准差平均由1.68增至1.95,变异系数平均由0.47增至0.53,但总体来说属弱变异性;随沟底相对高程及断面形状参数标准差的增加,灌水质量指标均呈现降低趋势;通过敏感性分析,两影响因素对灌水均匀度的影响大于灌水效率,平均敏感系数大9.46%和11.84%,且沟底微地形变异的影响大于沟断面形状变异。     

A tale of two seas: a meta‐analysis of crustacean stocks in the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea

Meta‐analysis of marine biological resources can elucidate general trends and patterns to inform scientists and improve management. Crustacean stocks are indispensable for European and global fisheries; however, studies of their aggregate development have been rare and confined to smaller spatial and temporal scales compared to fish stocks. Here, we study the aggregate development of 63 NE Atlantic and Mediterranean crustacean stocks of six species (Nephrops norvegicus, Pandalus borealis, Parapenaeus longirostris, Aristeus antennatus, Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Squilla mantis) in 1990–2013 using biomass index data from official stock assessments. We implemented a dynamic factor analysis (DFA) to identify common underlying trends in biomass indices and investigate the correlation with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. The analysis revealed increasing and decreasing trends in the northern and southern NE Atlantic, respectively, and stable or slowly increasing trends in the Mediterranean, which were not related to NAO. A separate meta‐analysis of the fishing mortality (F) and biomass (B) of 39 analytically assessed crustacean stocks was also carried out to explore their development relative to MSY. NE Atlantic crustacean stocks have been exploited on average close to F_MSY and remained well above B_MSY in 1995–2013, while Mediterranean stocks have been exploited 2–4 times above F_MSY in 2002–2012. Aggregate trends of European crustacean stocks are somewhat opposite to trends of fish stocks, suggesting possible cascading effects. This study highlights the two‐speed fisheries management performance in the northern and southern European seas, despite most stocks being managed in the context of the European Union's Common Fisheries Policy.     

SH超声导波储油罐底板检测仿真

采用有限元仿真模拟了SH超声导波检测储油罐底板损伤过程,通过细化模型的单元尺寸和时间步长确保模拟结果的准确度.经过Matlab频谱分析选择10个单音频数70 kHz经Hanning窗调制后的信号作为激励信号,对储油罐底板无缺陷、通孔缺陷、裂缝缺陷、腐蚀坑缺陷进行有限元仿真模拟,通过分析超声导波回波信号的信噪比,可以准确定位缺陷位置和几何特征,为SH超声导波检测技术应用提供了有力的理论支持.     

石墨残存化合物的官能团与电性能的理论分析

通过式外光谱仪的分析测定，确定石墨残存化合物存在朱少官能团，这些官能团对石墨的结构有影响，对石墨的性能也有直接影响，通过电阻率的测定，发现了性能的重大变化，本文对其影响做了详细分析。     

The Bioactive Potential of Trawl Discard: Case Study from a Crinoid Bed Off Blanes (North-Western Mediterranean)

Although knowledge of the bioactive compounds produced by species inhabiting coastal waters is increasing, little is known about the bioactive potential produced by marine species occupying deeper habitats with high biodiversity and productivity. Here, we investigate about the bioactive potential of molecules produced by species that inhabit the crinoid beds, a poorly known essential fish habitat affected by trawling, wherein large amounts of commercial and noncommercial species are discarded. Based on a trawl survey conducted in 2019, 14% of the 64 species discarded on crinoid beds produce molecules with some type of bioactive potential, including; soft corals (Alcyonium palmatum); tunicates (Ascidia mentula); bony fish, such as horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus); European hake (Merluccius merluccius); and chondrichthyans, such as small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula). In addition, 16% of the discarded species had congeneric species that produce compounds with bioactive potential, indicating that such species might also possess similar types of bioactive molecules. Molecules with antioxidant, antitumour, antihypertensive, and antibacterial properties were the most frequent, which could provide the basis for future research aiming to discover new marine-based drugs and compounds for other human uses. Among all species or genera that produce compounds with bioactive potential, 68% presented medium or high vulnerability to trawling. Results show that the discarded catch contains many species, which produce different bioactive compounds that represent an added-value resource. These results highlight the importance of manage properly crinoid beds, to ensure that species that produce molecules with bioactive potential inhabiting these habitats are protected.     

基于QuickBird影像的艾比湖及周边土壤风蚀研究

近年来,艾比湖湖面发生严重萎缩,造成湖泊大面积裸露,为沙尘暴提供了大面积沙源。通过对高分辨率QuickBird影像数据的处理,分析了艾比湖湖域的风蚀现状。在湖岸周边强度以上的风蚀面积约占63%,主要分布在无植被覆盖的东部和西部;微度风蚀和中度风蚀面积约占37%,主要分布在有植被覆盖的南北两岸。湖泊裸露的干涸湖底,位于湖泊的西北部,面积达430km²。影像的色调、形状和纹理变化上反映了干涸湖底的地貌形态和风系的方向。结合实地测量数据的分析发现,湖泊西北向东南方向形成宽约4.5km,长约10km,坡度为1/5000的带状坡面,为沙尘暴的发生创造了有利的条件。要改善艾比湖流域生态环境,主要依靠增加入湖水量以减小干涸湖底的沙源,达到控制艾比湖地区风蚀的目的。