Spatiotemporal variability in the phenology of the initial intra‐annual molt of American lobster (Homarus americanus Milne Edwards, 1837) and its relationship with bottom temperatures in a changing Gulf of Maine

This study uses the Maine Department of Marine Resources Lobster Sea Sampling data (2000–2016) and logistic models to develop the first time series for the timing and suddenness of onset of the initial intra‐annual molt of American lobster in the Gulf of Maine (GoM), an annual fishery recruitment event crucial to fishermen. Data from three GoM regions (eastern, central, and western coastal Maine) were further divided by sex and estimated maturity of sampled lobsters for analysis. We found differences in the patterns of initial molt timing and suddenness between the regions, sexes, and stages of maturity. Using the Northeast Coastal Ocean Forecasting System hindcast temperatures, seasonal accumulated degrees above 5°C were used to describe the thermal history for each region at ocean depths of about 5 and 110 m. These temperature metrics were used in generalized linear models to investigate the potential effects of seasonal temperatures on the initial molt season. Results showed that initial intra‐annual molting of lobsters was variable from 2000 to 2016, with periods of both earlier and more sudden molts and later and more protracted molts. Warmer temperatures, specifically inshore temperatures, were generally associated with an earlier molt, but without complete uniformity in the direction and magnitude across seasons, regions, and lobster demographics. We also discuss why developing molt time series and quantifying the connection to the bottom temperatures are necessary and emphasized why existing monitoring programs and the applied quantification techniques herein make this relationship difficult to quantify.     

Predicting optimal combinations of by‐catch reduction devices in trawl gears: A meta‐analytical approach

Global efforts to reduce unwanted catches have led to the development of a vast array of by‐catch reduction devices (BRDs), in particular for mixed trawl fisheries. Some of these BRDs could likely benefit from being combined. However, the number of possible combinations would be prohibitive to be tested experimentally. Therefore, in this study we propose a meta‐analytical approach that combines the data available on BRDs tested independently in a fishery and predict the theoretical selectivity of all possible combinations of those devices. This allows to identify promising BRD combinations, worth experimental investigation and flexible trawl configurations, where the selectivity can be substantially modified by adding or removing one BRD, thus aiding fishermen in adapting to high variability in catch composition and quota availability. To illustrate the approach, we used BRDs developed for the well‐studied Nephrops (Nephrops norvegicus, Nephropidae) directed mixed trawl fishery in the Skagerrak and Kattegat seas. We predicted the selectivity of 100 BRD combinations for Nephrops, cod (Gadus morhua, Gadidae) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus, Gadidae), compared them in terms of absolute selectivity and performance under realistic catch scenarios, from both single‐ and multispecies perspectives, and identified 15 BRD combinations that could be worth future experimental investigation. The meta‐analytical approach makes best use of existing knowledge and leads to new insights about the potential for improvement and flexibility in trawl selectivity. This could benefit a variety of mixed trawl fisheries and help developing a new generation of more flexible gears, with multiple BRDs integrated in their structure.     

马家沟底泥在花卉用肥上的应用研究

研究结果表明,马家沟底泥及其与无机肥配制成的混合肥含有一定量的养分,比马粪养分含量高,具有肥效作用,可替代园林上常用的马粪肥,它能提高一串红的生长势和开花质量,促进提早开花,延长花期,试验所得数据为马家沟底泥在园林绿化上的应用提供了科学依据。     

Devaluating Drainage Design Parameters for the Fourth Drainage Project, Pakistan by using SWAP Model: Part I – Calibration

A transient drainage simulation model,SWAP, was used to evaluate the performanceof drainage systems in (semi-) arid zones.Before application, the model wascalibrated by using 14-months datacollected from two sample fields of theFourth Drainage Project (FDP), Punjab,Pakistan. During the calibration process,emphasis was given to the accuratedetermination of soil hydraulic parameters,reference evapotranspiration, drainage fromsample fields and bottom boundarycondition. Laboratory determined soilhydraulic parameters were foundnon-representative of the field conditions.Difference between laboratory and fielddetermined soil water retention curves werefound significant. The pressure heads andsoil water contents measured in depthincrements of 15 cm were in good agreementwith the simulated values after applying afield measured retention curve. A closeproximity was also found between measuredand simulated average root zone salinity at0–1.0 m depth. The referenceevapotranspiration calculated by thePriestly-Taylor (PT-ET _o) methodwas found physically more realistic thanthe Penman-Monteith (PM-ET _o)method due to ignorance of the feed backmechanism of vapor pressure deficit onstomatal closure. The simulated cumulativedrainage from two sample fields wascomparable with the calculated values. Theanalysis of piezometer data shows thatthere is a negligible water exchangebetween the deep aquifer and theunsaturated zone. Therefore for scenarioanalysis, no flow conditions at the bottomof the soil profile can be applied as abottom boundary.     

桁拖网渔具刚性栅栏对虾类的分隔性能

刚性栅栏是实现拖网渔具种类选择性捕捞的主要装置。通过海上生产试验,结合SELECT模型分析不同栅条间距（15mm、20mm和25mm）的刚性栅栏对哈氏仿对虾（ Parapenaeopsis hardwickii ）和葛氏长臂虾（ Palaemon graxieri ）的分隔性能：试验结果显示,随着栅条间距的增大,栅栏对虾类的重量分隔率逐渐增大;个体接触分隔栅栏的慨率呵使用常数来表示,即接触慨率与个体尺寸无关;比较不同虾类对分隔栅栏的接触慨率后发现,接触慨率不存在种类间、栅栏间的显著性差异（P〉0．05）;个体接触分隔栅栏的概率均大于0．9,说明大多数个体都接触到分隔栅栏,但拒绝全部接触栅栏的假设,这主要与桁拖网结构和分隔栅栏的安装有关;随着栅条间距的增大,栅栏对虾类的50％选择体长（L50）逐渐增大,但选择范围（SR）没有显著差异。     

弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽水力特性的数值模拟

【目的】研究弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水渠槽的水力特性,为灌区水资源的科学管理和可持续利用提供参考依据。【方法】利用Fluent6.3大型计算流体力学软件,基于VOF方法跟踪自由液面,采用RNGk-ε湍流数学模型和PISO算法,对不同收缩比条件下的弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽进行三维数值模拟,分析了弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽内部流场以及水位流量关系,将模拟结果和实测资料对比验证,同时进一步分析了弗劳德数、临界淹没度等量水槽各项水力性能。【结果】与传统无喉道量水槽相比,弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽具有显著优点:(1)量水槽结构简单,过流顺畅且呈良好的流线型;(2)临界淹没度(S)可达0.89,水头损失小,弗劳德数(Fr)0.5,满足测流精度要求;(3)量水槽水位流量关系相关性较好,拟合公式测流平均误差小于5%。【结论】弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽结构可为灌区弧底梯形渠道量水提供新的思路和参考依据。     

地上储罐底板阴极保护实施与更新

地上大型储罐罐底板的阴极保护是决定储罐运行寿命的关键技术.介绍了储罐罐底板的各种阴极保护技术、阳极的埋设方式和保护电流的流动特点,指出采用柔性阳极的阴极保护技术是新建储罐阴极保护设计及旧罐底板阴极保护更新的首选方案.当前,影响罐底板阴极保护系统维护的主要因素是参比电极的稳定性、精度及位置排布.基于某直径45 m大型储罐阴极保护设计更新实践,指出对于大型裸罐底,可以通过阴极保护的高水平设计,大幅降低储罐罐底板阴极保护成本.     

淡水变水层疏目拖网作业水层的控制与确定

变水层疏目拖网捕鱼效果的好坏,取决于瞄准捕捞的程度。作者通过多年试验和研究,提出用调整浮沉力、曳纲长度、拖速和两船间距来控制和确定变水层疏目拖网作业水层的方法,在生产实践中得到了广泛的应用,并取得了良好的成效。     

黄海与东海海域底层水温影响因素研究

根据ROMS海洋模式输出的1958—2005年东中国海水文要素数据、美国国家环境预报中心的位势高度场资料,对影响中国东部近海6个代表性区域热含量(代表底温)的因素进行了研究。结果表明:对黄海与东海研究海域底层温度而言,在季节变化上,热量的平流输送抑制了暖流区底层温度的季节变化,扩大了冷流区的季节差异。在年际变化上,离岸海域(特别是黄海中部)的平流热输送作用在春、夏季节较为明显。     

西溪湿地底泥重金属竖向分布规律

利用特制的底泥取样器从杭州西溪湿地钻取通长的底泥试样,对不同深度底泥中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn进行测试,并分析重金属在表层底泥、底泥孔隙水及上覆水中的含量及相关性,用地累积指数法对底泥的污染程度进行评价.结果表明:该湿地0.6 m深度内的底泥为轻度-中度污染,埋深大于0.6 m的底泥没有被污染或者污染程度较轻;重金属在表层底泥孔隙水中的含量显著大于其在上覆水中的含量,由于浓度梯度,底泥孔隙水中的重金属会释放到上覆水中,因此如只实施换水处理难以根除水体污染问题,疏浚受污染的底泥是更有效的治理措施.根据测试结果,0.6 m深度可作为湿地底泥疏浚的参考依据.