西溪湿地底泥重金属竖向分布规律

利用特制的底泥取样器从杭州西溪湿地钻取通长的底泥试样,对不同深度底泥中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn进行测试,并分析重金属在表层底泥、底泥孔隙水及上覆水中的含量及相关性,用地累积指数法对底泥的污染程度进行评价.结果表明:该湿地0.6 m深度内的底泥为轻度-中度污染,埋深大于0.6 m的底泥没有被污染或者污染程度较轻;重金属在表层底泥孔隙水中的含量显著大于其在上覆水中的含量,由于浓度梯度,底泥孔隙水中的重金属会释放到上覆水中,因此如只实施换水处理难以根除水体污染问题,疏浚受污染的底泥是更有效的治理措施.根据测试结果,0.6 m深度可作为湿地底泥疏浚的参考依据.     

弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽水力特性的数值模拟

【目的】研究弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水渠槽的水力特性,为灌区水资源的科学管理和可持续利用提供参考依据。【方法】利用Fluent6.3大型计算流体力学软件,基于VOF方法跟踪自由液面,采用RNGk-ε湍流数学模型和PISO算法,对不同收缩比条件下的弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽进行三维数值模拟,分析了弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽内部流场以及水位流量关系,将模拟结果和实测资料对比验证,同时进一步分析了弗劳德数、临界淹没度等量水槽各项水力性能。【结果】与传统无喉道量水槽相比,弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽具有显著优点:(1)量水槽结构简单,过流顺畅且呈良好的流线型;(2)临界淹没度(S)可达0.89,水头损失小,弗劳德数(Fr)0.5,满足测流精度要求;(3)量水槽水位流量关系相关性较好,拟合公式测流平均误差小于5%。【结论】弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽结构可为灌区弧底梯形渠道量水提供新的思路和参考依据。     

淡水变水层疏目拖网作业水层的控制与确定

变水层疏目拖网捕鱼效果的好坏,取决于瞄准捕捞的程度。作者通过多年试验和研究,提出用调整浮沉力、曳纲长度、拖速和两船间距来控制和确定变水层疏目拖网作业水层的方法,在生产实践中得到了广泛的应用,并取得了良好的成效。     

九甸峡泄洪洞突扩跌坎体型的水力学试验

通过水力学模型试验,对偏心铰弧门突扩跌坎体型的水流流态、空腔特性及其对掺气量、侧墙压力分布和水下噪声等的影响进行了观测,对突扩跌坎体型水力及空化特性进行了研究,确定突扩宽度Δb=0.8m,并以突体高度低于4mm作为施工不平整度的控制标准。     

桁拖网渔具刚性栅栏对虾类的分隔性能

刚性栅栏是实现拖网渔具种类选择性捕捞的主要装置。通过海上生产试验,结合SELECT模型分析不同栅条间距（15mm、20mm和25mm）的刚性栅栏对哈氏仿对虾（ Parapenaeopsis hardwickii ）和葛氏长臂虾（ Palaemon graxieri ）的分隔性能：试验结果显示,随着栅条间距的增大,栅栏对虾类的重量分隔率逐渐增大;个体接触分隔栅栏的慨率呵使用常数来表示,即接触慨率与个体尺寸无关;比较不同虾类对分隔栅栏的接触慨率后发现,接触慨率不存在种类间、栅栏间的显著性差异（P〉0．05）;个体接触分隔栅栏的概率均大于0．9,说明大多数个体都接触到分隔栅栏,但拒绝全部接触栅栏的假设,这主要与桁拖网结构和分隔栅栏的安装有关;随着栅条间距的增大,栅栏对虾类的50％选择体长（L50）逐渐增大,但选择范围（SR）没有显著差异。     

对应分析在福建拖网捕捞影响因素分析中的应用

采用随机抽样调查的方法在福建省选择29个拖网作业单位(样品)、11个作业因素(变量),用对应分析法对其影响因素进行分析,以判断福建拖网捕捞效率的主要影响因素以及了解作业单位(作业船)之间和作业单位与变量之间的关系。结果表明,当前影响福建拖网作业的主导因素是网具结构,其次是渔船的主机功率和作业天数。据此,建议从适当增大网口网目尺寸和网口周长、增加船舶主机功率和延长作业天数等方面入手,提高拖网作业单位捕捞效率。本文还通过分析平面变量与样品聚点图,将福建拖网作业分成4个类群,通过分析各类群与各作业生产因素的亲疏关系,进一步了解各类群的特点,可对生产单位和管理者调整拖网作业、优化生产资源配置等提供理论参考。     

Reducing seabird bycatch in longline, trawl and gillnet fisheries

With an increasing number of seabird species, particularly albatross and petrels, becoming threatened, a reduction of fishery impacts on these species is essential for their future survival. Here, mitigation methods to reduce and avoid seabird bycatch are assessed in terms of their ability to reduce bycatch rates and their economic viability for longline, trawl and gillnet fisheries worldwide. Factors influencing the appropriateness and effectiveness of a mitigation device include the fishery, vessel, location, seabird assemblage present and season of year. As yet, there is no single magic solution to reduce or eliminate seabird bycatch across all fisheries: a combination of measures is required, and even within a fishery there is likely to be refinement of techniques by individual vessels in order to maximize their effectiveness at reducing seabird bycatch. In longline demersal and pelagic fisheries, a minimum requirement of line weighting that achieves hook sink rates minimizing seabird bycatch rates should be tailored with a combination of strategic offal and discard management, bird‐scaring lines (BSLs) and night‐setting, particulary in Southern Hemisphere fisheries. Urgent investigation is needed into more effective measures at reducing seabird interactions with trawl nets and gill nets. In trawl fisheries, a combination of offal and discard management, the banning of net monitoring cables, paired BSLs, and a reduction in the time the net is on or near the surface are likely to be the most effective in reducing seabird interactions with the warp cables and net. Few seabird bycatch reduction methods have been developed for gillnet fisheries, although increasing the visibility of the net has been shown to reduce seabird bycatch. Further studies are required to determine the efficacy of this technique and its influence on target species catch rates.     

塞拉里昂海域双支架虾拖网作业中试验小网设计的研究

本文应用动力相似原理,研究设计了塞拉里昂渔场双支架虾拖网的试验小网,用来判断渔场资源和中心渔场。通过对试验小网的研究设计和实际应用发现,使用试验小网判断渔场的资源情况,具有快速性、方便灵活性和实用性等特点。     

Interannual-decadal variability of demersal fish assemblages in the Tsushima Warm Current region of the Japan Sea: Impacts of climate regime shifts and trawl fisheries with implications for ecosystem-based management

Data sets for two bottom trawl fisheries, the coastal pair-trawler fishery and offshore single-trawler fishery in the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC) region of the Japan Sea, were compiled and analyzed for the last three decades (1974-2006). These data sets were used to (1) identify and compare the variability in demersal fish assemblages, and (2) relate these to water temperature to examine the impacts of climate regime shifts. Principal component analysis (PCA) of catches of target species in the two trawler fisheries showed synchronous decadal variability with step changes around 1986/1987 and 1996/1997. These step changes strongly suggest the effect of the late 1980s climate regime shift, which was characterized by an abrupt change from a cool to a warm condition in the TWC. The first and second principal components (PC1 and PC2) for both trawler fisheries agreed closely with winter and summer water temperature in the Japan Sea, respectively, suggesting PC1 (PC2) was associated with cold- (warm-) water species. However, between warm- and cold-water species the response pattern to water temperature was different. CPUE (catch per unit effort) of warm- (cold-) water species correlated positively (negatively) with water temperature, indicating the increase in water temperature has a positive (negative) effect on warm- (cold-) water species. Cold-water species decreased (increased) both in biomass and distribution during the warm (cold) regime, while warm-water species increased in biomass and/or distribution during the warm 1990s. These results suggested that the demersal fish assemblage structure changed abruptly as a consequence of the late 1980s climate regime shift. Impact of fishing was unclear on the demersal fish assemblage as a whole, but fishing pressure has been intensified for specific species under unfavorable climate regimes even with a declining fishing effort. Differing response patterns between warm- and cold-water species to climate regime shifts suggest the importance of integrated assessment and ecosystem-based management for the whole trawl fishery rather than only for individual target species.     

Effects of environmental variables on survey catch rates and distribution by size of shallow‐ and deep‐water Cape hakes,Merluccius capensis and Merluccius paradoxus off Namibia

In order to study the effects of temperature, oxygen, salinity and time of day on survey trawl catches, we modeled observed catches of juvenile, small, medium and large hakes per station as functions of zenith angle of the sun, geographical position, year, temperature, salinity, oxygen and depth. We used data from summer demersal surveys conducted during the period 2002–2015, together with a computation of the corresponding light level data from which the solar zenith angles were obtained, and fitted the generalized additive models to these data. Based on best model results, important covariates were oxygen, depth, geographical position and temperature. The best models explained 70%, 69%, 57% and 57% of the variability in catches of juvenile, small, medium and large Merluccius capensis, respectively, and 71%, 68%, 81% and 70% of juvenile, small, medium and large Merluccius paradoxus, respectively. The significant effects of temperature, oxygen, depth and geographical position on survey catches of hake of different size groups indicate that survey size structure may be affected by the behavior of both species towards environmental conditions. Greater care should therefore be taken when interpreting hake survey biomass estimates, based on swept area method, especially those that were collected during exceptional unfavourable environmental conditions. It would also be highly desirable if the oceanographic conditions are collected on each trawl station in order to improve understanding of the linkage between resources and environmental conditions.