春季东海区桁杆拖虾网网囊网目的选择性研究

对长江口桁杆拖虾网采用套网法进行了选择性试验,分析研究了桁杆拖虾网3种网目尺寸的网囊对脊腹褐虾Cargon affini、葛氏长臂虾Palaemon gravieri和总体虾类的选择性。结果表明：当网囊网目尺寸为20、25、35 mm时,脊腹褐虾的50%选择体长分别为41.36、46.42、57.68 mm;葛氏长臂虾的50%选择体长分别为43.35、47.20、62.01 mm;总体虾类的50%选择体长分别为47.45、50.56、64.87 mm。虾类网囊网目内径（Me）与50%选择体长（L0.5）之间的关系：脊腹褐虾,L0.5=1.0964Me＋19.179,R2=0.9984;葛氏长臂虾,L0.5=1.2779Me＋16.777,R2=0.9814;总体虾类,L0.5=1.999Me＋22.297,R2=0.9729。     

东海区拖网新伏季休渔渔业生态和资源增殖效果的分析

为了更好地养护和合理利用海洋渔业资源,中国政府于2009年开始实施新的伏季休渔制度,其中从6月1日~9月15日在东海区禁止拖网作业,较原3个月的伏季休渔期提前增加半个月。本研究依据2006~2008年每年6月上半月拖网监测资料,从渔业生态和资源增殖的角度,着重分析研究拖网在6月上半月这一时段休渔的渔业生态效果和资源增殖效果。结果表明,6月上半月禁止拖网作业,主要养护了带鱼、小黄鱼和日本鲭等资源群体,并在一定程度上保护了带鱼的产卵亲体繁殖,对带鱼资源数量的补充起到了增殖作用,同时在较大程度上养护了带鱼和日本鲭幼鱼的自然生长,起到了资源增重作用,但对分布在拖网渔场外的小黄鱼幼鱼保护作用甚微。应用R icher动态综合模型估算,以带鱼为代表种,提前增加半个月伏季休渔期其资源增殖效果较以往3个月伏季休渔期可使年平均资源量增加11.86%,渔获量增加8.06%,平均渔获体重增加9.33%。东海区以拖网占捕捞主导地位的伏季休渔时间的延长,可进一步改善繁殖群体栖息地生态环境。     

选择性虾拖网渔具渔法研究

根据虾拖网存在网目偏小，渔获物中经济鱼、虾类幼体和杂物所占比例较大等问题，于2002～2003年对在福建海区生产的网板虾拖网作业的网具进行改革，主要是在网具的后部采用上、下两个囊网。下囊网入口处装配刚性栅隔装置，起鱼、虾分离作用，上囊网采用放大网目尺寸，以达到释放经济鱼、虾类幼体为目的。通过改革试验取得了良好的效果。本文着重论述改革后的渔具特点与渔法。     

蟹塘双体投饵船行驶阻力分析及船型优化

采用双体投饵船是实现蟹塘遍撒投饵的可行方案之一。在航道存在水草的情况下,为减小巡航阻力、提升投饵船续航能力,设计尖底和圆棱底2种新型船底型线,并基于雷诺平均方程,构建船体在不同吃水深度和速度下的动力学计算模型。以平底船为对照船体,对比分析CFD数值计算与水池试验阻力,数据误差在9.6%以内,显示了计算模型的有效性。计算结果表明:圆棱底船在船速0.50~2.00 m/s时具有更好的减阻效果,与平底船相比减阻率在3.92%~16.27%;圆棱底船能减小底面与水草的滑动摩擦阻力;投饵船经济船速应小于1.50 m/s,经济吃水深度应小于0.18 m。所研发的圆棱底船的进一步测试结果表明了所提优化方案的有效性。     

Distribution and migration of age-0 jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) in the East China and Yellow Seas, based on seasonal bottom trawl surveys

We examined the distribution and migration of age-0 jack mackerel in the East China Sea (ECS) and Yellow Sea, based on data from seasonal bottom trawl surveys. Sampling was conducted at 79–161 stations during five cruises in spring (April–June), early summer (May–July), late summer (August–October), autumn (October–December), and winter (January–February). During early summer, jack mackerel (mean 92 mm fork length), which were estimated to have hatched in the southern East China Sea (SECS) during winter, began to occur abundantly, especially along the shelf-break region of the central East China Sea (CECS). In late summer, the distribution center of young fish (mean 126 mm) shifted northward into the shelf region of northern East China Sea (NECS), corresponding with the rise of bottom water temperature and high prey abundance. In winter when the bottom water temperature declined in the shelf region, the distribution center of jack mackerel (mean 144 mm) shifted southward, with high densities occurring in the SECS and CECS. In spring, overwintering jack mackerel that had become age-1 (mean 175 mm) were distributed abundantly along the shelf-break region of the ECS. On the other hand, jack mackerel were only sporadically found, generally at low densities, in the Yellow Sea during all seasons. High densities of jack mackerel were largely restricted to areas of >15°C bottom water temperature during all seasons. Our results indicate that the seasonal shifts of the 15°C isotherm of the bottom layer and the food conditions are significant environmental factors determining the migration of jack mackerel within the ECS.     

Molecular characterization and glomalin production of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizing a heavy metal polluted ash disposal island, downtown Venice

In this work the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities colonizing a polluted ash dump island, downtown Venice, were studied by using a multimodal approach. The island, Sacca San Biagio, was covered with a thick layer of municipal solid waste residues produced by an incinerator operating from 1973, to 1984. Such residues contained high levels of heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn). We characterized the AMF communities present in soils on Sacca San Biagio island by using molecular methods. Nine AM fungal sequence types were detected in the roots of three plant species, representative of the dominant flora, by using partial SSU ribosomal RNA genes. The most abundant sequence types corresponded to Glomus intraradices/Glomus fasciculatum, and to Glo18, a sequence detected so far only in planta. Two sequences were new to science. Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), extracted from rhizosphere soil of dominant plant species, ranged from 1.6 to 2.3 mg g⁻¹. The occurrence of an active AM fungal community able to live in such harsh environment was evinced by the correlation between mycorrhizal colonization and GRSP content.     

底拖网调查数据的Delta-模型分析及其在黄海小黄鱼和银鲳资源评估中的应用

底拖网调查(扫海面积法)的数据处理方法主要有两大类,即基于调查设计的方法(design-based method)和基于模型的方法(model-based method),其中基于调查设计的方法在我国的应用较为常见,而基于模型的方法则较少应用.介绍了渔业资源底拖网调查数据的Δ-分布模型分析方法,并采用此方法对2000年秋季黄海小黄鱼和银鲳的资源量进行了评估.结果显示,调查海区小黄鱼资源的平均分布密度为66.3 kg·km-2,95%置信区间为(23.4,109.2) kg·km-2;总资源量均值为14 626.9 t,95%置信区间为(5 168.4,24 085.5) t.银鲳资源密度均值为19.0 kg·km-2,95%置信区间为(3.5,34.5) kg·km-2;总资源量均值为4 194.3 t,95%置信区间为(773.2,7 615.4) t.传统的基于调查设计的方法得到的置信区间范围则较宽,且下限出现负值.上述结果表明Δ-分布模型法的评估结果具有较高的精度,是一种值得推广的渔业资源底拖网调查数据分析与资源评估方法.     

底层框架抗震墙砖房抗震设计的基本要求

介绍了底层框架抗震墙砖房抗震设计的基本要求;阐述了具体的抗震设计规范和重点应注意的构造细节,可供设计者参考.     

淡水变水层疏目拖网作业水层的控制与确定

变水层疏目拖网捕鱼效果的好坏,取决于瞄准捕捞的程度。作者通过多年试验和研究,提出用调整浮沉力、曳纲长度、拖速和两船间距来控制和确定变水层疏目拖网作业水层的方法,在生产实践中得到了广泛的应用,并取得了良好的成效。     

东海区方形目与菱形目拖网网囊对小黄鱼的选择性研究

采用套网法对双船底拖网不同网目尺寸(40、50、60、65 mm)的方形目和菱形目网囊捕捞东海区小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)进行选择性实验,对不同网囊网目结构、不同网囊网目尺寸的选择性数据进行了比较分析。结果表明:(1)网囊网目尺寸小于50 mm,小黄鱼的逃逸率极低,网目结构选择性差异不明显。大于50 mm时,方形目网囊逃逸率均略高于菱形目结构,但方形目与菱形目逃逸率差异并不显著(P0.05)。(2)网目尺寸为50 mm、60 mm和65 mm时,方形目网囊的50%选择体长(L_(0.5))分别比菱形目网囊的L_(0.5)大28.5%、16.8%和7.3%,方形目网囊对于小黄鱼具有较好的选择性。(3)根据小黄鱼的50%选择体长(L_(0.5)),结合现行可捕体长标准以及不同阶段渔获物体型特征,建议菱形网目尺寸为60 mm或者方形网目尺寸为55 mm,二者具有相同的选择性和渔获率。