Control mechanisms and ecosystem‐based management of fishery production

Fishery ecosystems are complex and influenced by various drivers that operate and interact at different levels and over multiple scales. Here, we propose a holistic methodology to determine the key mechanisms of fisheries, trophodynamics, and environmental drivers of marine ecosystems, using a multilevel model fitted to data on global catch, effort, trophic level, primary production, and temperature for 130 ecosystems from 1950 to 2012. The model describes the spatial‐temporal dynamics of world fisheries very well with a pseudo R² = 0.75 and estimates the effects of key drivers of fishery production. The results demonstrate the integrative operation of bottom‐up and top‐down regulated trophic interactions at the global level and great variations in their relative importance among different types of ecosystem. The estimation of key drivers’ effects on marine ecosystems provides practical mechanisms for informed ecosystem‐based fisheries management to achieve the sustainable objectives that are consistent with the needs of specific fisheries.     

Night sampling improves indices used for management of yellow perch in Lake Erie

Abstract  Catch rate (catch per hour) was examined for age-0 and age-1 yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), captured in bottom trawls from 1991 to 2005 in western Lake Erie: (1) to examine variation of catch rate among years, seasons, diel periods and their interactions; and (2) to determine whether sampling during particular diel periods improved the management value of CPH data used in models to project abundance of age-2 yellow perch. Catch rate varied with year, season and the diel period during which sampling was conducted as well as by the interaction between year and season. Indices of abundance of age-0 and age-1 yellow perch estimated from night samples typically produced better fitting models and lower estimates of age-2 abundance than those using morning or afternoon samples, whereas indices using afternoon samples typically produced less precise and higher estimates of abundance. The diel period during which sampling is conducted will not affect observed population trends but may affect estimates of abundance of age-0 and age-1 yellow perch, which in turn affect recommended allowable harvest. A field experiment throughout western Lake Erie is recommended to examine potential benefits of night sampling to management of yellow perch.     

Distribution and migration of age-0 jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) in the East China and Yellow Seas, based on seasonal bottom trawl surveys

We examined the distribution and migration of age-0 jack mackerel in the East China Sea (ECS) and Yellow Sea, based on data from seasonal bottom trawl surveys. Sampling was conducted at 79–161 stations during five cruises in spring (April–June), early summer (May–July), late summer (August–October), autumn (October–December), and winter (January–February). During early summer, jack mackerel (mean 92 mm fork length), which were estimated to have hatched in the southern East China Sea (SECS) during winter, began to occur abundantly, especially along the shelf-break region of the central East China Sea (CECS). In late summer, the distribution center of young fish (mean 126 mm) shifted northward into the shelf region of northern East China Sea (NECS), corresponding with the rise of bottom water temperature and high prey abundance. In winter when the bottom water temperature declined in the shelf region, the distribution center of jack mackerel (mean 144 mm) shifted southward, with high densities occurring in the SECS and CECS. In spring, overwintering jack mackerel that had become age-1 (mean 175 mm) were distributed abundantly along the shelf-break region of the ECS. On the other hand, jack mackerel were only sporadically found, generally at low densities, in the Yellow Sea during all seasons. High densities of jack mackerel were largely restricted to areas of >15°C bottom water temperature during all seasons. Our results indicate that the seasonal shifts of the 15°C isotherm of the bottom layer and the food conditions are significant environmental factors determining the migration of jack mackerel within the ECS.     

河蟹池塘养殖底层微孔曝气增氧技术的研究和应用

在2007年-2008年通过底层微孔曝气技术的开发应用,开展了河蟹池塘养殖增氧研究。结果表明养成河蟹规格和单产显著提高,池底增氧技术是河蟹池塘养殖中的关键控制技术,示范区、推广区河蟹的平均规格、单产、毛利比同期常规技术的一般平均水平分别提高了11．37％～36．26％、7．07％～28．49％;50．29％～71．67％、49．11％;177．51％．187．31％、122．2％;养蟹池塘水体DO、NH3-N、NO2—N、TN、TP、COD等主要水质指标明显优于对照池,总体达到地表水环境质量标准（GB3838—2002）Ⅲ类以上,并实现了养殖期内零排放,是一项节水、环保的新型水产养殖技术。     

桁杆虾拖网圆形分隔装置的效果分析

在桁杆虾拖网中间一只网囊前部加装圆形分隔装置,并在装置上部开设逃逸口.装置的格栅倾角分别为30.、45.、60.,栅条间距分别为2.5 cm、3.5 cm和4.5 cm.在逃逸口上方装有网袋,用于收集逃鱼.对装配不同倾角和不同栅条间距的装置进行了试验,根据各个网次网囊和网袋的渔获组成和体长分布情况,分析装置的分隔效果....     

Demersal fish and invertebrate biomass in relation to an offshore hypoxic zone along the US West Coast

In August 2007, as part of the NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) West Coast Groundfish Bottom Trawl Survey, we examined the biomass of demersal organisms in a known hypoxic area off the Oregon coast. Although observed each summer, the intensity of hypoxia has varied annually (2002–2007) with the greatest temporal and spatial extent noted in 2006. In 2007 we identified the geographic extent of the hypoxic zone and sampled 17 stations along two depth contours (50 and 70 m) within the area. A Sea-Bird SBE 19 plus equipped with a dissolved oxygen (DO) sensor was attached to the bottom trawl to monitor oxygen concentration during each tow. Bottom DO concentrations at all stations were hypoxic with means along the tow tracts ranging from 0.43 to 1.27 mL L⁻¹. Total catch per unit effort (ln CPUE, kg hectare⁻¹) and species diversity (number of species, N ) were significantly and positively related to oxygen concentration along the hypoxic gradient. In addition, CPUE (natural log-transformed) for eight fish species and five benthic invertebrate species were significantly and positively related to bottom oxygen concentration within the hypoxic region. Condition factors for five fish species, as well as Dungeness crab ( Cancer magister ) increased with increased bottom oxygen levels along the hypoxic gradient. Historical catch (2003–2006) within the hypoxic zone indicates that biomass was significantly lower in 2006, the year with the lowest bottom DO levels, relative to other years.     

东海中、北部及黄海南部海域底层渔业生物多样性时空分布特征

为研究和认识渔业生物群落结构和海洋生态系统在时间和空间上的变化特征和规律,实验依据2000年4个季度大面积定点底拖网的调查数据,利用海洋生态学研究常用的多样性指数,采用聚类的分析方法和空间投射的图示方法,对东海中、北部及黄海南部海域底层渔业生物多样性季节间的分布变化特征和规律进行了归纳,探讨了生物数量和重量季节变化不统一的可能原因,并分析了多样性与生物重量和数量之间的联系。结果显示,各季站点均可分成多样性水平高、中、低3个类群,各类群呈点、线和块状分布,且呈现中心、夹层和外层分别由高、中、低多样性类群构成的"三明治"结构或组合。各季"三明治"结构分布可能与渔业资源的生理周期洄游活动相关,结构中心水域可能对应多数渔业生物洄游活动主要范围。各季均出现高、低多样性类群直接相联、多样性呈现空间上跳跃性变化的水域,这些水域的资源生物量普遍相对较低,但一般都是毗邻生物量相对较高水域,其分布范围与毗邻相对高生物量水域的绝对生物量水平呈负向关系。春、冬季各类群对应生物平均重量和数量等级一致,而夏、秋季则不一致,这可能与各季渔业生物产卵、生长、补充等不同生命周期过程相关。不管重量还是尾数,多样性指数随生物量增加而下降的情形均多于增加的情形;多样性指数随生物尾数增加的正向关系明显高于与生物重量之间的正向关系。     

基于正交试验方法的四片式虾拖网结构参数优化

针对规格为40.3 m×(20.8~16.2)m的我国过洋性虾拖渔业四片式虾拖网,基于L_9(3~4)正交表,设计了网身长度(L_b)、下网袖长度(L_w)、侧网宽度(W_S)3种因素各3个水平的正交试验,并利用方差分析检测3种试验因素对网具阻力、能耗系数、L/R(袖端间距与阻力之比)系数影响的显著性,旨在对此种网具的网身长度与网口周长之比(L_b/C)、下网袖长度与网口周长之比(L_w/C)、侧网宽度与上网片宽度之比(W_S/W_U)这3种结构参数进行优化。结果表明,对网具阻力的影响因素由主到次依次是下网袖长度、网身长度、侧网宽度。对能耗系数的影响因素在水平扩张L/S(袖端间距/下纲长度)=0.45时由主到次依次是侧网宽度、网身长度、下网袖长度;但在水平扩张L(袖端间距)=10 m时,下网袖长度为主影响因素。对L/R系数的主影响因素为下网袖长度。此类型网具的L_b/C应比小网目底层拖网略小,但在较大的范围内(0.26~0.38)变化亦不会对网具水动力性能有显著影响。L_w/C=0.31为试验的最佳水平,下网袖长度为3种因素中对网具性能影响最显著的因素。W_S/W_U=0.19为试验的最佳水平,侧网宽度应优先满足虾拖网作业对网口高度的要求,在此基础上,尽量缩小W_S/W_U值,不必拘泥于W_S/W_U结构参数值。     

采摘时间与采摘叶片数对烤烟不适用下部叶可用性的影响

为提高烤烟下部不适用烟叶的可利用性,研究不同采摘时间及叶数其对烤烟不适用下部叶可用性的影响,分析不同采摘时间与叶片数对烟叶化学成分及评吸质量的差异。结果表明:80d采摘4片(T_5)、采摘6片(T_6)、90d采摘4片(T_8)和6片(T_9)4处理表现为香气质好,香气量足,浓度好,刺激性小,余味舒适等特点;其化学成分表现为高烟碱、两糖高、低氮和低氯特点。与采摘叶片数相比,采摘时间为影响不适用下部叶化学成分的主要因子。在烟叶大田期80~90d采摘4~6烟叶有利于提高不适用下部叶烟叶的可用性。     

底管微孔增氧技术对参池环境及刺参生长的影响试验

对黄河三角洲地区底管微孔增氧机在刺参养殖池塘中的应用进行了试验,对底管微孔增氧技术对参池环境和刺参生长的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在参池中合理使用底管微孔增氧机可显著增加参池溶氧,并显著提高刺参重量,是一种值得推广的新型增氧技术。