Nitrate uptake by Eriophorum vaginatum controls N2O production in a restored peatland

The clear dependence of N₂O production through denitrification on available nitrate in soil has been shown in many studies. Since N availability similarly limits the growth of plants, the resource competition with vegetation limits the activity of denitrifying microbes and may consequently moderate the N₂O emissions from peatlands. We used uptake by Eriophorum vaginatum L. as a vegetation competition factor for microbes. The species was selected for the experiment because it has high nutrient use efficiency in low-nutrient conditions and high nutrient uptake efficiency in luxuriant nutrient conditions. We measured gaseous N flux as N₂O (end product of denitrifier activity) in a restored peatland in central Finland with acetylene inhibition technique over a growing season from sample plots with varying addition levels and E. vaginatum cover. The resource competition effects were analysed with a model that used exponential decay dependence of N₂O flux on the leaf area of E. vaginatum, and saturating response of N₂O flux to addition level. The model explained the variation in N₂O fluxes well (R²=0.86). The model simulation showed that the increasing nutrient uptake of E. vaginatum decreased the N₂O fluxes exponentially. Simultaneously, denitrification appeared to saturate even in conditions with high availability of and low level of competition by vegetation. Thus, E. vaginatum is an effective competitor for in sedge-dominated peatlands that controls the availability of for denitrification, and consequently moderates the N₂O emissions from peatlands.     

平底悬链线形明渠水力最优断面求解

断面设计是渠道设计的重要内容之一,适宜的渠道断面不仅能够增加过流能力,提高输水效率,减小输水损失,还能降低建造成本。该文提出了一种具有平底和悬链线形侧边的明渠断面。这种断面将平底和悬链线侧边平滑连接,既具有平底断面建造容易、灵活,管护方便,底部容易压实,侧边和平底可以用不同材料建造(以降低成本)等优点,也具有悬链线形断面过流能力大、无应力集中拐角、不宜渗漏、防冻胀能力强,耐久性好等优点,可广泛应用于大、中、小型渠道及寒区,具有良好的实用价值。推导了过流面积、湿周、水面宽度等水力断面特性计算公式。提出了一个更简单的正常水深的迭代算法。基于拉格朗日乘子法,推导出了平底悬链线形明渠的水力最优断面,结果表明其水力最优断面的底宽与水深比、水面宽与水深比、底宽与形状系数比、水面宽度与形状系数比、形状系数与水深比均为常数:宽深比等于0.405,形状系数与水深比等于0.474,水面宽与水深的比值为2.112,底宽与形状系数的比值为0.855。与现有平底断面(梯形、平底抛物线形、平底半立方抛物线形)进行了比较,结果表明,在过流面积或湿周一定的情况下,平底悬链线形断面的过流能力最大,相反,在流量一定的情况下,平底悬链线形断面的过流面积、湿周、水面宽度是最小的。与传统的悬链线形渠道进行了比较,增加平底后,在同等条件下,平底悬链线形渠道水力最优断面的过流能力不仅没有降低,反而增加了,意味着其经济性也优于传统的悬链线断面。研究为平底悬链线形渠道设计提供理论支撑。     

基于底层冷海水的船载扇贝保鲜系统设计及性能试验

该文针对船载扇贝的保鲜问题,调查了黄海冷水团在獐子岛集团股份有限公司确权海域的变化,提出了利用养殖海域底层海水保鲜虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)的方式。通过对捕贝作业船保鲜方式的研究,设计了底层冷海水提取系统,并进行了实船改造试验得出以下结论:提取底层冷海水保鲜可使捕捞上来的虾夷扇贝更接近其长期生存的海底环境,减少温度及盐度波动对虾夷扇贝鲜活度的影响,使扇贝缩边及死亡率显著降低;同时底层海水提取系统具有投资小、改造容易及耗能低等优势,改造费用仅为安装制冷机组费用的1/6,耗能仅为制冷装置的1/24,对于受舱室限制而无法安装制冷机组的扇贝采捕船,可以在不占用大量空间的前提下进行改造,对于扇贝运输船可以利用冷水团对扇贝进行保鲜,可大量减少耗能,提高虾夷扇贝鲜活度,符合绿色环保企业发展需求。     

四片式高口双拖网

本文反映黄海区群众渔业双拖网改进研究取得的一项新成果,报导了设计的依据、改进的特点、网模水池试验及海上实测的验证数据。经三年捕捞试验,取得了比原型网增产40％以上的显著效果。     

云冷杉林风倒区林隙和掘根微立地微气候变化

2013年7月,在小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区云冷杉林风倒区1.5 hm2的样地内,选取由掘根倒木形成且包含坑和丘微立地的大、中、小3个代表性林隙。在每个林隙中心安装HOBO自动气象站,测定了7—9月林隙中心以及林隙内丘顶和坑底的总辐射、光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度和相对湿度,并在郁闭林分和空旷地设置对照。分析了不同大小林隙之间以及林隙内丘顶和坑底之间小气候在生长季的动态变化及其差异。结果表明:林隙总辐射、PAR以及空气温度依照大林隙、中林隙和小林隙的次序依次降低;同一林隙内,丘顶的总辐射、PAR和空气温度大于坑底,丘顶空气相对湿度小于坑底;月均气温和月均PAR均为7月>8月>9月,绝大多数按照空旷地、大林隙、中林隙、小林隙和郁闭林分的次序递减,仅9月份小林隙的气温大于中林隙。同一林隙的平均气温日较差均为7月>9月>8月,相同微立地(林隙中心、丘顶、坑底)气温日较差均为大林隙>中林隙>小林隙。相同月份丘顶的气温日较差均大于坑底。各林隙空气相对湿度均为8月>9月>7月,并按照空旷地、大林隙、中林隙、小林隙和郁闭林分的次序依次递增。7月份大林隙的总辐射、PAR与8、9月份相比均差异显著。9月不同大小林隙之间的总辐射、PAR差异均不显著。7—9月,大林隙和小林隙中心的空气湿度均差异显著。同一林隙相同月份丘顶和坑底的PAR、空气相对湿度差异均显著,空气温度差异不显著;无论是在林隙内还是林隙内的丘顶和坑底,同一林隙不同月份的温度差异均显著。     

Temperature‐based targeting in a multispecies fishery under climate change

Temperature controls important physiological processes in fish and determines aspects of their niches. In an effort to inform selective fishing and spatiotemporal management in the U.S. Northeast Multispecies fishery, we used 16 years of data from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center Spring and Fall Scientific Trawl Surveys to determine if bottom temperature can be used to differentiate the distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from other species within the fishery management plan (FMP). We identified two separate regimes in spring temperatures and used empirical cumulative distribution functions to calculate biomass availability by temperature for each species. We applied a bagged approach to find optimum thermal threshold values that maximize the difference in cod biomass from each of the other species. For our study area, 38% to 54% of the species considered were well separated from cod by temperature in spring, whereas only 17% were separable in the fall. This study suggests that temperature targeting can be used seasonally to separate cod from many other species in the FMP including top catches and no‐retention species. The use of temperature targeting may allow fishermen to better meet multiple quotas while avoiding choke species. Our results also suggested increasing thermal overlap between cod and species inhabiting higher median temperatures (e.g., spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias) under the current warming temperature regime. These results indicate that the ability to selectively fish in the US Northeast Multispecies fishery will become more difficult under a warming ocean.     

储油罐底外边缘板的腐蚀与防护

介绍了储油罐底外边缘板相对于混凝土基座立体位移的运动形态和环境变化对罐底外边缘板造成的腐蚀机理.分析了大型储油罐底外边缘板防腐保护采用传统方法效果不佳的原因,研发了适应于罐底外边缘板在混凝土基座立体位移的运动新型材料,并提出了罐底外边缘板防腐处理的新工艺和新方法.     

风罩拉深质量问题及解决方法

介绍一种代替深拉深的变通两体风罩结构,及底部外鼓的解决办法。     

广东大鹏湾虾拖网网囊网目选择性研究

虾拖网渔业是南海海域重要的作业方式之一,但尚未有关该渔业网目尺寸选择性的报道。为评价虾拖网渔具的渔获性能、合理利用虾类资源,在广东大鹏湾进行了网目选择性试验。试验采用双支架虾拖网作为试验网具,并使用套网法估算了网目内径为35、40和45 mm的网囊对主捕虾类的选择性。结果显示,虾类渔获中刀额新对虾、须赤虾、周氏新对虾和日本囊对虾渔获数量较多,比较以往资料,刀额新对虾和周氏新对虾优势体长、平均体长均有所下降,其它2种虾类平均体长未见明显变化;选择性分析结果显示,主捕虾类的L50随网目尺寸线性增大。根据试验结果并结合历史资料,笔者认为现阶段35 mm的网囊网目尺寸对于保护上述4种虾类资源是比较合适的。     

136kW渔船鳀鱼变水层拖网的试验研究

本文报道了改进设计的专用鳀鱼变水层拖网1994～1995年期间海上的试验结果。试验结果表明:该网的结构合理,网具性能优良。网口高度达12.6m,拖速提高到3.0～3.8节。拖网阻力比原生产网减少19％,平均网次产量比原生产网增产35.3％。