Short-term stress and mortality of juvenile school prawns, Metapenaeus macleayi, discarded from seines and trawls

Abstract  Two experiments were carried out to assess the short-term impacts to juvenile school prawns, Metapenaeus macleayi (Haswell) discarded from commercial seining and trawling in New South Wales, Australia, and the potential utility of modifications to operational and/or onboard handling practices designed to improve survival. For both gears, discards were handled according to two general categories of treatment (termed mild and extreme) chosen to represent the plausible limits of severity during existing commercial operations. A total of 600 trawled and 480 seined school prawns (from both treatments), along with appropriate numbers of controls (previously collected and housed in acclimation tanks), were placed into cages (in groups of 10). Subsets of each of these groups were then destructively sampled over periods of up to 5 days and examined for their mortality and physiological response (measured as levels of l -lactate in the haemolymph). In both experiments, the temporal mortalities in the treatment groups ranged between 0% and 15% and, for the most part, were not significantly different to controls. Prawns in the treatment groups had similar, significantly elevated levels of l -lactate approximately 40 min after being caught, but these returned to levels approaching baseline estimates within 48 h. Under the conditions examined, juvenile school prawns appear capable of withstanding a range of stressors associated with being discarded from active gears, and their fate is not greatly influenced by the duration of gear deployment and subsequent air exposure. However, further work is required to quantify other sources of unaccounted fishing mortality and, ultimately, the impacts that discarding has on stocks.     

艺术设计中“图”与“底”的关系

人们关注的中心为“图”,背景的部分为“底”,“图形”与“基底”的关系指一个封闭的式样与另一个和它同质的非封闭的背景之间的关系。图底关系理论在城市建筑设计中大有可为。     

Selecting Bid with Reasonably Low Price Without Bottom Price Based On Sector Estimate

For raveling out the main shortage of tendering which is the reasonable sector is unreasonable of making the bid evaluation uncertain. In order to eliminate subjective factor, this paper quantificationally analyses the price in bidding and establishes the sector selecting bid model based on the sector estimate idea, which tries to provide a new method and academic basic for determining the reasonable sector. Finally, the article gives an example to prove that the model is feasible and effective and it tries to ensure the bidding assessment public, equitable and just.     

大网目底拖网在稳定流场中的数值模拟

通过有限单元法构建大网目底拖网渔具的数学模型,以计算在定常流条件下底拖网渔具的受力情况、网口扩张和渔具的形态变化.为了提高计算效率,提出了适用于拖网的网目群化方法.群化后的拖网模型为单元数6513的model-1模型和单元数1787的model-2模型两种规格,分别进行数值计算,并与水槽物理模型试验结果进行比较.结果表...     

Linking spatial pattern of bottom fish assemblages with water masses in the North Sea

Understanding the links between large scale spatial structuring of fish assemblages and shaping factors is essential to develop comprehensive ecosystem-based fisheries management. In this study, we investigated spatial patterns of bottom fish assemblages in the North Sea in relation to prevailing water masses in the region. We based our analysis on catch data from the German Small-Scale Bottom Trawl Survey conducted between 1987 and 2005 and used both ordination techniques and Mantel tests. Spatial variability of bottom fish assemblages was larger than inter-annual variability. Five significantly different bottom fish assemblages were associated with the following prevailing hydrographical regimes: i) the English Channel, ii) Continental Coastal, iii) central North Sea, iv) northern North Sea, and v) northern Atlantic water masses. Associations were generated by gradients in relative proportions of abundant species such as grey gurnard ( Eutrigla gurnardus ), dab ( Limanda limanda ), whiting ( Merlangius merlangus ), haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus ) and Norway pout ( Trisopterus esmarki ). Taking into account large scale spatial structuring of catch data Mantel tests confirmed significant correlation between the fish assemblages and hydrographical variables. In summary, our results strongly support the hypotheses that hydrographical features such as water masses, fronts, and residual currents could shape bottom fish associations in the North Sea. Spatial demarcations of bottom fish assemblages indicated by this study can be used to support ecosystem-based fisheries management strategies.     

Bottom soil quality in Tilapia ponds of different age in Thailand

Bottom soil samples were collected from 35 ponds in the vicinity of Samutprakarn, Thailand. Ponds ranged in age from 3 to 39 years and had been used continuously for production of tilapia. Liming materials had been applied in large amounts, and bottom soils of all ponds had pH above 7, low exchange acidity, and free carbonate. Pond soils often contained between 1% and 2% total sulphur, suggesting that they were potential acid–sulphate soils. However, acidity from sulphide oxidation was not expressed because carbonate in the soil neutralized it. Concentrations of total carbon seldom exceeded 4% and the average for organic carbon was 1.90%. The correlations between pond age and both total carbon and organic carbon concentration were weak (r=0.34 and 0.36 respectively). Concentrations of nitrogen in bottom soils did not differ with pond age and ranged from 0.1% to 0.3% with an average of 0.19%. The average ratio of concentrations of carbon and nitrogen was 11. Acid‐extractable phosphorus concentrations averaged 217 mg kg^?1, but the phosphorus adsorption capacity averaged 768 mg kg^?1 suggesting that soils still have considerable reserve capacity to adsorb phosphorus. Ponds can be used annually for semi‐intensive production of tilapia, and presumably other species, for many years without serious deterioration of bottom soil quality.     

Loss of and damage to scallops due to storms in the Sea of Okhotsk

In the coastal zone of the Sea of Okhotsk off Hokkaido, Japan, the giant ezo scallop ( Patinopecten yessoensis ) is widely cultivated on the sea bed, making its fishery a major industry. However, the area experiences intense cyclones, including typhoons, about once a decade and the scallop resources appear to have received severe damage from the storms. Such an event occurred on 29 October 1988. The storm caused 12-m-high wind waves, which appeared to be fully developed sea waves. The water above the sea bed repeatedly moved back and forth at speeds of 1∼2 m s^-1 causing damage to the scallops due to collisions and rubbing with gravel and other scallops. From a comparison of wind data with the annual catch of scallops, intense cyclones seem to play an important role on the year-to-year fluctuations in the scallop fishery.     

弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽水位流量关系数值模拟

目前为适应我国多数渠道断面方式和灌区管理方式,开发研制新型量水配套设施对灌区节水起着至关重要的作用。利用Fluent 6.3大型流体力学数值仿真软件,结合有限体积法、RNG k-ε湍流模型和VOF模型,在不同渠道底坡上对不同量水槽水位流量进行数值模拟试验研究。结果表明:（1）量水槽流态上游水面平稳属于缓流,量水槽槽内水流为急流,可知由缓流过度到急流必然会发生临界流,量水槽沿程弗劳德数可知量水槽喉口附近扩散段内产生临界流;（2）弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽具有较好的水位流量关系,渠道收缩比ε与渠道比降i对形成单值稳定的水位流量关系有较大的影响,随着渠道尺寸增大同时收缩比ε减小,量水槽水位流量逐渐在较大的底坡范围内形成统一的水位流量关系。（3）流量系数与量水槽宽和收缩比具有较好的线性关系,同时流量系数随R,H、ε的增大而变大,回归分析建立的量水槽流量公式,测流公式平均误差值小于5%,说明弧底梯形渠道无喉道量水槽测流是可行的,满足明渠测流要求。研究成果对灌区渠道量水槽的设计优化提供了一定的参考和建议。     

单层不等高厂房横向抗震分析

以单层不等高厂房为研究对象,分别采用简化的底部剪力法和精确的振型分解反应谱法对其横向抗震性能进行计算分析。结果表明,采用现行规范中的底部剪力法及相应修正系数、公式,进行不等高厂房横向抗震分析时误差过大,建议采用较为精确的振型分解反应谱法。     

灌水沟微地形及断面形状变异性对灌水质量影响及敏感性分析

为研究沟灌受水界面的时空变异性对灌水质量的影响,本文通过田间试验测试了灌水前后沟底微地形及断面形状的变化情况,并对实测数据进行了计算分析。结果表明:随时间推移,在灌水等多因素的影响下,表征沟底微地形起伏状况的S_d值呈现减小趋势,平均由3.45降至1.17,变异性逐渐减小,变异系数平均由0.17降至0.09,沟底微地形逐渐趋于平整;表征沟断面形状变异情况的P_1值标准差及变异性呈现增加趋势,标准差平均由1.68增至1.95,变异系数平均由0.47增至0.53,但总体来说属弱变异性;随沟底相对高程及断面形状参数标准差的增加,灌水质量指标均呈现降低趋势;通过敏感性分析,两影响因素对灌水均匀度的影响大于灌水效率,平均敏感系数大9.46%和11.84%,且沟底微地形变异的影响大于沟断面形状变异。