眼椭圆在汽车车身设计中的应用

眼椭圆是汽车人机工程设计的主要工具,汽车驾驶员眼椭圆的确立为研究汽车视野性能提供了科学的依据。以汽车风窗刮扫面积和A立柱盲区的确定为例介绍了眼椭圆在汽车车身设计中的应用。     

鄂尔多斯高原中部5.8～4.5 Cal kaBP气候旋回的地层记录

通过对鄂尔多斯高原现代风成砂与PJHZ剖面沉积物粒度特征的对比分析,确定了剖面中4个层位(290~210,190~160,153.5~123.5,50~40 cm)基本属于风成砂沉积。结合粒度参数、碳酸钙含量、总有机碳含量及年代序列,认为此区域在5.8~4.5 Cal kaBP存在以下沉积旋回:~5 749 Cal aBP,沉积风成砂,反映该时期风砂活动强烈,气候干燥,冬季风强盛;5 749 Cal aBP前后,沉积物为灰绿色湖相层,表明这一时期存在短暂的湖面扩展,沙漠退缩;5 749~5 370 Cal aBP,沉积风成砂,反映了湖泊的退缩和沙漠的扩展;5 370~4 895 Cal aBP,湖相沉积物,反映了流域降水量的增多;4 895~4 580 Cal aBP沉积风成砂后,4 580 Cal aBP前后又出现了短暂的湖相沉积,之后又是风砂沉积。     

轿车气动特性数值模拟与分析

利用CATIA软件建立轿车车身的三维模型,在ANSYS Workbench软件中建立其有限元模型,在FLUENT软件中,采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型,对轿车车身外流场进行数值模拟,并根据数值模拟的结果对该款车的空气动力学特性进行分析。在此基础上对该车尾部添加扰流板,并对扰流板与地面的夹角进行优化。仿真结果表明,当扰流板与地面的夹角为15.2°时产生了负升力,同时添加扰流板后,减弱了该车尾部的涡流,即降低了空气阻力,从而获得较好的空气动力学特性。     

Interactive responses to water deficits and crop load in olive (Olea europaea L., cv. Morisca). II: Water use, fruit and oil yield

To understand the relations between water use and yield in response to crop load, two experiments were conducted in olive (cv. Morisca), during six consecutive years (2002-2007) in an experimental orchard located in Badajoz, Southwest Spain. Experiment 1, assessed the responses during the early years of the orchard (2002-2004) using four irrigation treatments that applied fractions of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) (125%, 100%, 75% and 0%) and three crop load levels (100%, 50% and 0% of fruit removal, termed Off, Medium and On treatments). Experiment 2 assessed the response of more mature trees (2005-2007) to three irrigation treatments (115%, 100%, and 60% of ET_c) and the natural crop load which were Off, On, and Medium in 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. Yield was reduced by water deficits and so did the estimated tree transpiration which was linearly related to yield (y = 1.2302x − 21.15, R² = 0.8864), showing the high sensitivity of cultivar Morisca to water deficits. The relations between fruit number and fruit weight showed that high crop loads had lower fruit weights and oil yield, a decrease that was more pronounced as water deficits increased. The yield response to water supply in the control and excess treatments, and the observations on the water relations of these two treatments suggest that the calculations made using the FAO method (Doorenbos and Pruit, 1974) with the crop coefficient proposed by Pastor et al. (1998) and the reduction coefficient (Fereres et al., 1982) to apply 100% of ET_c in the control treatment, underestimated the ET_c of the orchard. The results indicate that, although the absence of fruits lead to reduced water use as compared to situations of medium and high crop loads, canopy size was much more determinant of orchard water requirements than crop load.     

Assessing cetacean body condition: Is total lipid content in blubber biopsies a useful monitoring tool?

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