Effects of the total fish meal replacement by soybean meal on growth parameters,serum biochemistry,and hepatic and intestinal histology of juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

ABSTRACT

Fish meal is the main protein source in fish diet, but due to its unsustainability, it has to be replaced with more sustainable protein sources, such as soybean meal (SBM), in fish feeds. As SBM often produces negative effects on fish growth and health, we conducted an eight-week trial of complete fish meal replacement with SBM in the diet of juvenile (48.2 ± 0.55 g) blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), a herbivorous cyprinid fish native to the Yangtze basin (China). SBM-fed fish exhibited: a worsened growth performance; improved survival rate (P > 0.05); elevated serum triglycerides and total cholesterol but reduced low-density lipoprotein in plasma (P < 0.05); mild lipid droplet accumulation and swelling of the liver; elevated goblet cell counts and mild signs of enteritis in the intestines. With negligible effects on growth and mild effects on health, M. amblycephala appears to be comparatively tolerant of SBM, but total fish meal replacement is not recommended. Future studies should aim to identify the SBM tolerance threshold in long-term growth trials.     

间隙比对近壁不同钝体涡激振动特性的影响

为研究不同间隙比L/D对近壁单圆柱与单方柱的涡激振动特性的影响,了解尾流对壁面不稳定性的作用机理,搭建了开式循环水槽试验台,利用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统,对过渡流下2种近壁模型进行了试验研究.结果表明:两者具有相似的涡激振动特性,当L/D很小时,钝体下侧剪切层发展受到抑制;随着L/D增大,壁面的抑制作用减弱,尾流处有形成旋涡对的趋势,旋涡逐渐靠近钝体并趋于对称,涡的尺度先增大后减小,近壁面附近流体的加速效应先增强后减弱,且主振频率逐渐减小;两者都呈现出周期性的涡脱运动,但也存在差异,方柱尾流分离点固定,而圆柱不固定;同一Re下,相同L/D下方柱涡的尺度比圆柱更大,近壁面附近的流速也更快;随着L/D增大,圆柱尾流处振幅先增强后减弱,而方柱一直增强且主振频率略小,表明近壁方柱涡脱落周期比圆柱更长.对实际工程领域应用具有一定的参考价值.     

黄颡鱼吻端细胞培养研究

采用M199培养基对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)吻端组织进行体外培养研究,继代培养细胞传至第8代。实验结果显示:吻端组织接种培养3~5 h,细胞迁移伸展,6 d后生长细胞集落汇合,每4~6 d递次进行继代培养,培养生长的细胞呈纤维样。比较继代细胞在不同温度(15、27、37℃)和血清浓度(0、10%、20%)条件下的生长,27℃、10%血清的培养条件最适宜吻端细胞的增殖。通过染色体组型分析,证明离体吻端细胞为正常的二倍体细胞。研究结果表明,黄颡鱼离体吻端细胞对温度等培养条件有很强的适应性,培养细胞增殖迅速,具有建立连续细胞系的潜力。     

幼鱼和育成鱼阶段团头鲂对饲料中脂肪的需要量

本试验旨在研究相同饲料配方体系下2个生长阶段——幼鱼和育成鱼阶段团头鲂对饲料中脂肪的需要量。以进口鱼粉、酪蛋白为蛋白质源,以大豆卵磷脂、豆油为脂肪源,在等蛋白质(粗蛋白质含量为30%)的条件下,配制脂肪水平(实测值)分别为3.06%、4.38%、5.89%、7.45%、8.78%、10.13%的6种半纯化饲料。幼鱼和育成鱼阶段试验分别以初始均重为(34.98±0.47)g/尾、(102.05±2.31)g/尾的团头鲂为试验鱼,以不同脂肪水平的试验饲料在池塘网箱中分别养殖85、56 d。同一生长阶段下,每种饲料为1组,每组4个重复,每个重复20尾鱼。结果表明:随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,2个生长阶段团头鲂的增重率、蛋白质效率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并均在饲料脂肪水平为8.78%时达到最高值;饲料系数则呈现先下降后上升的趋势,且均在饲料脂肪水平为8.78%时达到最低值。在相同的饲料配方体系下,团头鲂全鱼粗蛋白质含量表现为幼鱼阶段<育成鱼阶段,粗脂肪含量则表现为育成鱼阶段>幼鱼阶段。随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,2个生长阶段团头鲂全鱼粗蛋白质含量总体均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;粗脂肪含量则随着饲料脂肪水平的升高而增加,显示出与饲料脂肪水平具有正相关关系。以增重率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率作为评价指标,经过回归分析可知,幼鱼阶段团头鲂对饲料中脂肪的需要量为8.18%~8.89%,育成鱼阶段团头鲂对饲料中脂肪的需要量为9.03%~9.47%。     

不同倍性团头鲂群体遗传变异的初步分析

从鲤的微卫星DNA标记中筛选4对有效引物,进行不同倍性团头鲂遗传变异的微卫星DNA分析。结果表明：（1）4对引物中有2对能在不同倍性团头鲂五群体中探测到多态性,其等位基因数为4～6个,大小在131～307bp之间。发现两个等位基因（MFW19—175和MFW19—256）可作为异源3n特异的微卫星DNA标记。（2）不同倍性团头鲂五群体内的Shannon多样性指数为0．0562～0．2887,Nei’s基因多样性指数为0．0315～0．1969,平均遗传距离为0．0395～0．1542,不同倍性团头鲂群体存在较大的遗传变异。（3）反交3n、异源3n、正交3n和同源4n—F1群体的Shannon多样性指数和Nei’s基因多样性指数均显著地高于2n群体（P〈0．05）。（4）分子方差分析和聚类分析的结果表明：五群体分子系统树分成明显的两支,同源4n—F1、正交3n、反交3n和异源3n为一支,2n为另一支。     

团头鲂乳酸脱氢酶与苹果酸脱氢酶组织特异性的激光扫描分析

用LKB水平电泳仪,4.4%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶,对10—11月龄团头鲂(全长14—16cm)的11种组织——白肌、晶体、脑、脾、肾、性腺、心、肝、鳍、红血球及血清的乳酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶作电泳,再用LKB激光光密度计对同工酶的迁移率及活性作定性定量分析。在不同组织中,同工酶的迁移率和活性有明显的组织特异性。     

Fish meal replacement by soy protein from soymilk in the diets of red sea bream (Pagrus major)

Six isoenergetic diets were formulated as follows: fish meal (FM) 700 g kg^–1 (control, C), FM 300 g kg^–1 + soy protein concentrate 300 g kg^–1 (SPC), FM 300 g kg^–1 + enzyme‐treated SPC 300 g kg^–1 (ESC), FM 170 g kg^–1 + soy protein isolate 300 g kg^–1 (SPI), FM 160 g kg^–1 + enzyme‐treated SPI 300 g kg^–1 (ESI) and FM 150 g kg^–1 + conglycinin 300 g kg^–1(CG). Forty fish (3.9 g) were randomly distributed into each of eighteen 300‐L tanks, fed twice daily until satiation for 8 weeks. The final body weight, specific growth rate and condition factor did not show significant differences among the fish fed with diets C, SPC, ESC and ESI (p > .05). The survival was significantly lower in fish fed with diets SPI and CG. Feed efficiency was significantly higher in fish fed with diets SPC and C than in fish fed with other diets (p < .05). There were no significant differences in nutrients retention efficiencies in fish fed with diets C, SPC, ESC and ESI. A significantly higher phosphorus retention efficiency in fish fed with soymilk protein diets resulted in lower phosphorus discharge to the environment (p < .05). These results suggest that the soymilk proteins can comfortably replace 570–770 g FM kg^–1 diet of red sea bream juvenile, which will ensure significant ecological benefits through reducing phosphorus load to the environment.