Effect of dietary supplemental l‐carnitine on growth performance,body composition and antioxidant status in juvenile black sea bream,Sparus macrocephalus

Effects of dietary l ‐carnitine were studied in juvenile black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus). The semipurified basal diet [crude protein 450 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM); crude lipid 126 g kg^?1 DM] was formulated to choose white fishmeal as the protein source and fish oil plus corn oil (1 : 1) as the lipid source. Six diets (control + diets 1–5) containing 0.1, 0.12, 0.16, 0.24, 0.39 and 1.1 g of l ‐carnitine kg^?1 diet were fed to triplicate groups of black sea bream (initial weight 13.10 ± 0.05 g) for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance, body composition and antioxidant status were determined. The results showed that relative growth rate (RGR) was significantly improved by the elevation of dietary l ‐carnitine level from 0.1 to 0.24 g kg^?1, but decreased with further increment (P < 0.05). Lipid content decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the dorsal muscle whereas increased (P < 0.05) in the liver with the addition of dietary l ‐carnitine. Dietary l ‐carnitine supplements elevated enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione‐S‐transferase, GST) activities (P < 0.05) yet decreased the content of non‐enzymatic factor, total sulphydryl groups (TSH) (P < 0.05). In summary, the optimum dietary l ‐carnitine level was 0.284 g kg^?1 diet by second‐polynomial regression analysis based on RGR (y = ?647.4x² +367.97x + 234.55; R² = 0.977, x = dietary l ‐carnitine levels, y = RGR), and dietary l ‐carnitine addition within the levels adopted in our study could depress lipid peroxidation in tissues of juvenile black sea bream.     

Effects of dietary caffeine on growth,body composition,somatic indexes,and cerebral distribution of acetyl‐cholinesterase and nitric oxide synthase in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), reared in winter temperature

This study aims at examining the effect of caffeine administration on growth, feed efficiency, and consumption of sea bream (Sparus aurata), reared in winter temperatures. Moreover, it is questioned whether caffeine has a central action in the brain and its effects are partly mediated via central brain mechanisms. For this, we studied the influences of caffeine treatment on the cerebral pattern of the cholinergic neurotransmission and the novel neuromodulator nitric oxide (NO), by means of acetyl‐cholinesterase (AchE) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) histochemistry. Five different diets containing 0.0, 0.1, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 g caffeine kg^?1 of diet were administrated to five groups of fish. Caffeine adversely affected sea‐bream growth at a concentration higher than 1 g kg^?1 diet and increased feed conversion ratio in the treatments of 2 and 5 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05). The daily consumption of feeds was similar to all groups, indicating that caffeine did not influence diet palatability. AChE‐ and NADPH‐diaphorase histochemistry showed densely labeled cells and fibers mainly in dorsal telencephalon, preoptic, pretectal, hypothalamic areas, optic tectum, reticular formation, cerebellum and motor nuclei. When compared with matched caffeine‐treated animals, no differences in the histochemical pattern and cell densities of cerebral AChE and NADPH‐diaphorase were found.     

饲粮生物素水平对团头鲂幼鱼肠道消化酶活性、胴体组成及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响

选择初重为201±001 g团头鲂幼鱼720尾,分别饲喂生物素添加量为0,002,005,016,062和249 mg·kg-1等氮等能的纯化饲料,研究饲料中添加生物素对团头鲂幼鱼肠道消化酶活力、胴体组成及肝脏抗氧化的影响。结果表明: 团头鲂幼鱼肠道脂肪酶和蛋白酶活力随生物素含量的升高呈现先增加后下降的变化,它们分别在生物素含量为062和016 mg·kg-1时达到最大值。饲料生物素含量为016 mg·kg-1组的团头鲂幼鱼与对照组相比具有较低的水分和较高的粗脂肪、粗蛋白含量,差异显著(P<005)。饲料中生物素含量从0上升至005 mg·kg-1时,GSH含量,GSH Px、SOD活性显著升高,差异显著(P<005);当其含量进一步升高至249 mg·kg-1时,三者均无显著变化(P>005)。综上所述,饲料中添加适宜浓度生物素可以提高团头鲂幼鱼肠道脂肪、蛋白质的消化能力,胴体粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量及肝脏抗氧化能力。     

三种淡水鱼肌肉的糖元、乳酸含量和pH值及在冷藏中的变化

本文测定了鳙，团头鲂和乌鳢三种养殖淡水鱼即杀死后在5℃贮藏过程中糖元，乳酸含量和pH值的变化。结果表明：鳙，团头鲂和乌鳢的糖元含量比海水鱼的低，并在24h内全部分解完毕。乳酸含量在死后24－60h达到且维持在高位。三种淡水鱼即杀的pH值与海水鱼的接近，但死后量低的pH值比海水鱼的高，pH值的低值阶段出现在死后36－60h间。     

全氟辛烷磺酸钾对真鲷谷胱甘肽质量分数和谷胱甘肽转硫酶活性的影响

为了解全氟辛烷磺酸钾（PFOS）对海洋鱼类抗氧化防御系统的毒性效应及致毒机理,在实验室条件下研究了PFOS胁迫和净水恢复过程中真鲷（Pagrosomus major）鳃组织和肝脏组织内谷胱甘肽（GSH）质量分数与谷胱甘肽转硫酶（GST）活性的变化。结果显示,胁迫开始时鳃中w（GSH）在低浓度组出现诱导,中、高浓度组出现抑制现象,随着胁迫时间的延长,各浓度组处于显著诱导水平（P〈0.01）;肝脏中w（GSH）在胁迫第15天时各浓度组中出现显著的剂量效应,w（GSH）随着PFOS曝露浓度的升高而降低。真鲷2种组织的GST活性变化与各自组织中w（GSH）的变化趋势相近。净水恢复期内个别浓度组的指标恢复到对照组水平,说明真鲷可以修复PFOS胁迫造成的损伤。结果表明,PFOS在试验条件下对真鲷有显著的毒性作用,可能对海洋高等生物存在潜在性危害,应对其海洋环境风险评价加以关注。     

肌醇对氨氮应激下团头鲂幼鱼免疫的影响

为了研究氨氮应激下肌醇对团头鲂幼鱼免疫的影响,实验选择初均重为(3.40±0.07)g的健康团头鲂幼鱼450尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,分别投喂含肌醇0、101.2、202.3、404.8、809.1和1 616.4 mg/kg的精制饲料,实验期为90 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,氨氮应激前,404.8 mg/kg肌醇添加组显著提高了团头鲂幼鱼淋巴细胞百分比、补体3、补体4和血液呼吸爆发活性(P0.05);氨氮应激12 h,404.8和809.1 mg/kg肌醇添加组的血液白细胞、红细胞、淋巴细胞百分比、血红蛋白和血清补体3、补体4水平显著升高(P0.05),皮质醇水平显著降低(P0.05),202.3和404.8 mg/kg肌醇添加组的血细胞呼吸爆发活性显著提高(P0.05);氨氮应激72 h,404.8 mg/kg肌醇添加组的血液白细胞、红细胞、淋巴细胞百分比、血红蛋白、血清补体3和血细胞呼吸爆发活性显著升高(P0.05),皮质醇水平显著下降(P0.05),809.1 mg/kg肌醇添加组的血清补体4水平显著升高(P0.05)。研究表明,饲料中添加适量的肌醇(404.8 mg/kg)即可增强团头鲂幼鱼的免疫力,对团头鲂幼鱼抗氨氮应激起到了一定的保护作用。     

团头鲂肠黏膜益生乳酸菌的分离及体外抗逆性研究

从团头鲂肠黏膜上分离筛选出2株对嗜水气单胞菌有较强的抑制作用的乳酸菌菌株JK-1和JK-2,通过耐受胆盐、耐受pH值、耐受蛋白酶和耐高温等试验对这2株乳酸菌进行体外抗逆性试验研究.其中在胆盐耐受性试验中,JK-1和JK-2在胆盐浓度0.4%、培养4 h时仍有35%以上的存活率;在pH值耐受性试验时,2株乳酸菌均可在一定的酸性和碱性条件下存活;胰蛋白酶对2株菌的存活率没有影响;在70 ℃的高温中,2株乳酸菌均有一定的耐受性.     

鲤、团头鲂精子生理生态特性的研究──Ⅲ．单糖和渗透压对精子活力的影响

作者观察了鲤、团头鲂精子在０（去离子水）－３００毫渗渗透压的Ｄ－半乳糖，Ｄ－葡萄糖和Ｄ－果糖溶液中的活动情况。结果表明，在这三种单糖溶液里，鲤、团头鲂精子活动的变化规律是一致的。精子快速运动和寿命的时间是以在Ｄ－半乳糖溶液中为最长。这两种鱼精子对这三种单糖的吸收、利用存在差别。     

Cloning and expression analysis of innate immune genes from red sea bream to assess different susceptibility to megalocytivirus infection

As suggested by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), fishes belonging to the genus Oplegnathus are more sensitive to megalocytivirus infection than other fish species including red sea bream (Pagrus major). To assess the roles of the innate immune response to these different susceptibilities, we cloned the genes encoding inflammatory factors including IL‐8 and COX‐2, and the antiviral factor like Mx from red sea bream for the first time and performed phylogenetic and structural analysis. Analysed expression levels of IL‐1β, IL‐8 and COX‐2 and the antiviral factor like Mx genes performed with in vivo challenge experiment showed no difference in inflammatory gene expression or respiratory burst activity between red sea bream and rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). However, the Mx gene expression levels in red sea bream were markedly higher than those in rock bream, suggesting the importance of type I interferon (IFN)‐induced proteins, particularly Mx, during megalocytivirus infection, rather than inflammation‐related genes. The in vitro challenge experiments using embryonic primary cultures derived from both fish species showed no difference in cytopathic effects (CPE), viral replication profiles, and inflammatory and Mx gene expression pattern between the two fish species.