Functional palatability enhancer improved growth,intestinal morphology,and hepatopancreas protease activity,replacing squid paste in white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,diets

Squid visceral paste is a popular attractant and feeding stimulator supplement in shrimp feeds in China, but it often faces problems with fluctuating availability, cost, composition, and quality. An 8‐week experiment was performed to test a proprietary palatability enhancer as an alternative to squid paste in white shrimp feed. Seven diets were tested: a control diet with no supplementations; S1 and S3 diets supplemented with squid paste at 1 or 3%, respectively; S1+PE0.1 and S1+PE0.15 supplemented with both 1% squid paste and the palatability enhancer at either 0.1 or 0.15%, respectively; and finally PE0.1 and PE0.15 supplemented only with the palatability enhancer at 0.1 or 0.15%, respectively. The results showed a trend for increased feed intake and weight gain when squid paste was added to the diet compared to the control, but this was worsened by raising the inclusion level from 1 to 3%. The inclusion of the PE, in combination with squid paste or alone at 0.15%, led to a significantly higher growth, and a feeding stimulation effect was also indicated, with PE0.1 and PE0.15 having a higher feed intake than the control. A further beneficial effect was a significant increase in protease activity in the hepatopancreas in the S1+PE0.15, PE0.1, and PE0.15 treatments compared to the control. In addition, a significant increase in the height of the intestinal mucosal folds was observed in PE0.15, followed by PE0.1. The results demonstrated the potential to replace or reduce squid visceral paste in shrimp diets by supplementing with a PE with functional effects beyond feeding stimulation.     

Clarithromycin suppresses induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and improves pathological changes in the lungs and heart of mice infected with influenza A virus

The influenza A virus (IAV)–cytokine–trypsin/matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) cycle is one of the important mechanisms of multiple organ failure in severe influenza. Clarithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, has immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. We analyzed the effects of clarithromycin on the induction of chemokines, cytokines, MMP-9, trypsin, vascular hyper-permeability and inflammatory aggravation in mice with IAV infection. IAV/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1) infection increased the levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and cytokines in serum, and MMP-9 and trypsin in serum and/or the lungs and heart. Clarithromycin significantly suppressed the induction of serum MCP-1 and MMP-9 and vascular hyperpermeability in these organs in the early phase of infection, but did not suppress the induction of trypsin, IL-6 or IFN-γ. Histopathological examination showed that clarithromycin tended to reduce inflammatory cell accumulation in the lungs and heart. These results suggest that clarithromycin suppresses infection-related inflammation and reduces vascular hyperpermeability by suppressing the induction of MCP-1 and MMP-9.     

Production Methods and Resource Use at Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon Farms in India Compared with Previous Findings from Thailand and Vietnam

Shrimp farms in India had average yields (pond surface basis) of 7.86 ± 1.04 (SE) m.t./ha/yr for Litopenaeus vannamei (n = 89) and 3.88 m.t./ha/yr for Penaeus monodon (n = 11). Average feed conversion ratio was 1.48 ± 0.04 for L. vannamei and 1.24 ± 0.12 for P. monodon. Land use for production ponds, supporting area, and feed ingredients averaged 0.634 ± 0.053 ha/m.t. for L. vannamei and 0.716 ± 0.087 ha/m.t. for P. monodon. Saline water volume used at farms without water exchange was 18,522 ± 4065 m³/m.t. for L. vannamei and 9528 m³/m.t. for P. monodon. Farms exchanging water used 149,188 m³/m.t. for L. vannamei and 191,500 m³/m.t. for P. monodon. Freshwater embodied in feed was 1678 ± 508 m³/m.t. for L. vannamei and 1401 ± 137 m³/m.t. for P. monodon. Average energy use for farm construction and repair, farm operations, and embodied in feed and liming materials was 82.14 ± 9.08 GJ/m.t. for L. vannamei and 59.03 ± 24.92 GJ/m.t. for P. monodon. Wildfish used to make fishmeal included in feed was 1209 kg/m.t. for L. vannamei and 1611 kg/m.t. for P. monodon. Farm infrastructure, pond management methods, yields, and resource use in India were similar to those previously reported for shrimp farms in Thailand and Vietnam.     

对虾白斑综合症病毒综述

对虾白斑综合症病毒（W SSV）是对全球对虾养殖业危害最大的病原之一。W SSV是一种无包涵体的杆状病毒,PCR诊断技术具有简便快速、灵敏度高等优点,适合于大规模检测。对W SSV的分子生物学进行深入研究,优化现有的检测技术,积极探索新的检测方法,有效防止W SSV感染产生的危害,以促进对虾养殖业的发展。     

亚甲蓝在玻碳电极上的电化学行为研究及测定

研究了亚甲蓝在玻碳电极上的电化学行为,对电极氧化还原机理进行了讨论。亚甲蓝在玻碳电极上能够发生可逆的氧化还原反应,其单扫和多扫循环伏安图保持一致,在电极上的反应是扩散控制的过程。用方波伏安法对其测定条件进行了优化,在最佳测定pH=7．0的B—R缓冲溶液中,亚甲蓝的浓度与氧化峰电流在3．0×10 -6～9．0×10 -5 mol／L范围内呈线性关系,检出限为1．0×10 -6mol／L.     

蓝色花的基因工程育种研究进展

植物花色的形成是多种因子协同作用的结果。文章介绍了蓝色花的花色素种类及蓝色花形成的影响因素,综述了蓝色花的基因研究现状及蓝色花基因工程改良的策略和技术,包括反义抑制法、共抑制法、引入外源基因及其它方法等,并对蓝色花的分子育种现状及前景作了介绍及展望。     

小麦蓝矮植原体免疫膜蛋白(Imp)的跨膜区影响其在大肠杆菌中的表达

根据跨膜区预测结果,设计ImpF1/ImpR1和ImpF2/ImpR2两对特异性引物。以ImpF1/ImpR1,ImpF1/ImpR2,Imp-F2/ImpR1和ImpF2/ImpR2共4个组合经PCR扩增得到4个目标片段,即:免疫膜蛋白Imp基因的全长(Imp-B);切除C-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-N);切除N-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-C);切除N-和C-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-S)。经酶切连接到原核表达载体Pmal-c2x,并转入E.coliBL21(DE3)PlysS菌株中。SDS-PAGE电泳验证,只有切除N-、C-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-S)得到大量表达,结果表明:小麦蓝矮植原体免疫膜蛋白的跨膜区影响其在大肠杆菌中的表达。根据跨膜区预测结果,设计ImpF1/ImpR1和ImpF2/ImpR2两对特异性引物。以ImpF1/ImpR1,ImpF1/ImpR2,Imp-F2/ImpR1和ImpF2/ImpR2共4个组合经PCR扩增得到4个目标片段,即:免疫膜蛋白Imp基因的全长(Imp-B);切除C-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-N);切除N-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-C);切除N-和C-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-S)。经酶切连接到原核表达载体Pmal-c2x,并转入E.coliBL21(DE3)PlysS菌株中。SDS-PAGE电泳验证,只有切除N-、C-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-S)得到大量表达,结果表明:小麦蓝矮植原体免疫膜蛋白的跨膜区影响其在大肠杆菌中的表达。     

小麦蓝矮病植原体FrvX基因的克隆及致病性测定

【目的】克隆小麦蓝矮病(WBD)植原体β-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶基因(FrvX),验证其在植原体侵染寄主中的作用,为更好地防控小麦蓝矮病奠定理论基础。【方法】采用PCR技术从小麦WBD植原体中扩增到FrvX全基因,将其插入到病毒载体pgR107中,构建重组病毒载体pgR107-FrvX,用农杆菌介导法侵染本氏烟草,观察烟草表型的变化。【结果】FrvX基因全长1071bp,编码356个氨基酸。重组病毒载体接种烟草22d后,有9株烟草植株表现出明显的花叶、黄化症状,RT-PCR检测到发病植株接种7d后的叶片有FrvX基因的转录。【结论】FrvX基因接种烟草导致烟草表型发生变化,推测其与植原体病害的发生有关。     

亚甲基蓝对高体鳑鲏鱼苗的急性毒性研究

在水温25(±2)℃条件下,采用静水水生生物测试方法,研究亚甲基蓝对高体鳑鮍鱼苗的急性毒性作用.结果表明,亚甲基蓝对高体鳑鮍鱼苗的24、48 h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为45.30mg/L和18.76 mg/L,安全浓度(SC)为0.96 mg/L.     

高位虾池水体细菌和弧菌的数量变化及影响因素

研究了位于广东湛江东海岛北寮村和庵里村的4个凡纳滨对虾（Penaeus vannamei）高位池养殖过程水体中的可培养异养细菌和弧菌的数量变化及其影响因素.结果表明：1）北寮村虾池BL1和BL2的可培养异养细菌数量变化均呈现中间高两头低、后期多于初期的单峰变化趋势;BL1的弧菌数量变化趋势和可培养异养细菌的变化趋势相似,而BL2则是前期稍微升高而后下降,后期又呈升高态势,峰值出现在养殖末期;水源地BL3的可培养异养细菌数量变化为初期平缓,后期明显多于初期,大体呈上升态势;而BL3弧菌数量变化趋势则比较平缓.2）庵里村发病的虾池AL1的可培养异养细菌和弧菌数量呈现出单峰变化趋势,在养殖中途爆发病害时,可培养异养细菌数量高出未发病的正常池2个数量级;庵里村虾池AL2的可培养异养细菌数量变化趋势也是中间高两头低,而弧菌的数量变化则是无规律的波动;水源地AL3的可培养异养细菌数量变化大体呈下降趋势,弧菌数量放养初期最高.3）高位虾池的可培养异养细菌和弧菌数量虽多于水源地,但差异不显著,同一个位点,细菌和弧菌数量呈现同步增多或减少.虾场水体的可培养异养细菌和弧菌数量与多数环境因子之间相关性不显著,这与虾池养殖生态系统受人为因素影响较大有关,同时反映了高位虾池生态系统受多种因子作用的复杂性.