水源水处理技术在九孔鲍苗种生产中的应用研究

本研究将海水水源水处理技术应用于九孔鲍苗种培育生产中,连续三年每个年度育苗均获成功,累计培育出商品鲍苗116.18万粒。而仅使用常规砂滤海水培育鲍苗的对照组,相同的季节在不同场所用相同的管理办法,采苗后15~40天,鲍幼体全部死亡。因此,认为水源水处理的海水培育鲍苗是稳定生产的关键。     

九孔鲍肠道及其养殖水体中弧菌产酶能力的分析

从汕尾健生鲍鱼场养殖水体和九孔鲍肠道中共分离筛选到25株弧菌,其中14株来自成鲍肠道,11株来自养殖水体,并对它们产多种胞外酶的能力进行了比较分析。试验结果表明:78.6%的肠道弧菌能分泌蛋白酶,21.4%能分泌脂肪酶,64.3%能分泌卵磷脂酶或淀粉酶,92.9%能分泌明胶酶;水体中的弧菌63.6%能分泌蛋白酶,54.5%能分泌脂肪酶或明胶酶,72.7%能分泌卵磷脂酶,100%能分泌淀粉酶。同时筛选出5株胞外酶分泌能力超强的菌株,除分泌蛋白酶能力最强的弧菌(Bh14)来自鲍鱼肠道外,其余分泌其它4种胞外酶能力最强者(Sh05、Sh03、Sh11、Sh08)均来自养殖水体。研究还发现来自水体的弧菌分泌多种胞外酶能力强于来自肠道的弧菌。由此提示,应用有益微生物以改善鲍鱼肠道中的菌群结构,可能会提高鲍鱼饲料利用率。     

鲍育苗用底栖硅藻的研究进展

鲍是珍贵的海产贝类之一,具有很高的营养价值。但近几年,我国台湾、福建、广东以及海南等省发生大规模九孔鲍苗掉板死亡的现象,很多鲍鱼场连续多月多批培苗,但或颗粒无收或每批次收获率极低,不到正常的10％。鲍苗掉板已是南方养鲍业中的一个非常普遍的问题,给我国南方各省鲍鱼养殖业带来极大的负面影响。     

Ganglioneuritis causing high mortalities in farmed Australian abalone (Haliotis laevigata and Haliotis rubra)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate an outbreak of sudden severe mortality in farmed abalone from coastal Victoria. RESULTS: The outbreaks occurred almost simultaneously in three farms following abalone movements from the wild and between farms. The initial on farm investigation identified a number of features that when considered together were highly suggestive of an infectious aetiology. In many cases, dead abalone had no significant gross lesions. Others had swollen mouths and some had prolapse and eversion of the radula. Histologically, the lesions centred on the nerves innervating the labial apparatus, primarily the cerebral and buccal ganglia, cerebral commissure and peripheral nerve branches arising from these. Nervous tissue necrosis and haemocyte infiltration were the dominant lesions seen microscopically in affected nerves. CONCLUSIONS: A recent outbreak of mortality in Australian abalone was associated with neurotropic lesions, which have not previously been described in this country. The on farm and between farm pattern of spread of the outbreak, a history of abalone movements linking farms, clinical observation of moribund and dead abalone were all highly suggestive of a virulent infectious agent.     

3种鲍基因组DNA多态性的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态DNA技术检测了中间鲍Haliotis midae、皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai和九孔鲍Haliotis diversicolor supertexte3种鲍基因组DNA的多态性，初步进行了分子水平上的分类研究。经24个随机引物扩增，共得到376条多态性片段，片段长度为250—2500bp。根据片段的共享度计算出平均遗传距离指数，并采用UPGMA和NJ两种聚类分析方法进行处理得到系统树。在UPGMA聚类中，中间鲍与九孔鲍先聚在一起，有较近的亲缘关系，其次是皱纹盘鲍，而它们之间的遗传距离相差不大，NJ聚类图上就反映出3种鲍聚为3类，所以两种聚类分析结果基本一致，与它们形态上存在明显差异的结果基本吻合，说明RAPD技术可以作为鲍种质鉴定和分类的一种有效、简便的辅助手段。     

鲍破腹病的防治技术研究

破腹病是鲍养殖生产中的常见病，每年的3-6月和8-10月为其高发期，外套膜破裂是其最主要症状，病鲍的死亡率可达50-90％。通过研究确认了副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahaemo-lyticus）为鲍破腹病的致病菌。该菌对鲍具有较强的致病性，注射、创伤、浸泡等多种感染方式皆可引起鲍出现破腹和死亡现象，其对21种常用抗菌药物的敏感性都不太强，中度敏感药物只有庆大霉素、妥布霉素、卡那霉素、新霉素、红霉素、复方新诺明等。通过药敏性、经济性、便捷性比较，确定复方新诺明为鲍养殖生产中破腹病的主要防治药物，有效率达80％以上。     

Status of the digestive gland and feed index in juvenile green abalone Haliotis fulgens fed rehydrated macroalgae

One of the bottlenecks in cultivating juvenile green abalone Haliotis fulgens is the lack of well‐adapted natural or formulated food for optimal growth. The goal of this study was to analyse the digestive gland structure of juvenile green abalone fed rehydrated natural feed, Ulva sp. (Chlorophyta), Eisenia arborea, Macrocystis pyrifera, Egregia menziesii (Phaeophyta) and Porphyra perforata (Rhodophyta), using histochemical techniques. Structure of the digestive gland was described, and proteoglycan granules were detected in the digestive cells. The abundance of granules was variable, depending on the feed provided to the abalone, and this was reflected in their growth. Granular content in digestive cells fed Ulva sp. was scarce, leading to low growth rate and high feed conversion ratio (FCR). Digestive cells of juveniles fed E. menziesii led to the best nutritional condition, including many proteoglycans cellular granules, best weight growth rate and a low FCR. Histochemical analysis of the digestive gland, differentiated by a modified Goldner trichrome method that included Alcian blue, was a useful tool for determining the nutritional status of farmed abalone, therefore recommended for assessing adjustments to the natural feed or formulation to meet the nutritional needs of abalone.     

福建发展鲍寿司加工的前景展望

阐述了福建鲍鱼加工的必要性及意义,并根据鲍鱼的加工技术及现状,对福建发展鲍寿司加工前景进行了展望。     

Studies on the Development of Small Abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) Essence and its Antioxidative Properties

Essences of small abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) were prepared by two methods, steaming and boiling. The chemical constituents and antioxidative properties of these essences were determined and compared to those of commercial freshwater clam essence (CFCE). Boiled small abalone essence (BSAE) contained more total soluble solids than steamed small abalone essence (SSAE). Total soluble solids and peptide content of both essences increased with longer extraction time. Glycogen contents of SSAE, BSAE, and CFCE were 14.01, 13.95, and 10.74 mg/mL, respectively. The concentrations of free amino acids in SSAE and BSAE (725.05 and 818.56 mg/100 g, respectively) were significantly higher than in CFCE (33.57 mg/100 g). The antioxidative properties of SSAE and BSAE were higher than that of CFCE. The reducing power and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) chelating activity of 3-h SSAE were significantly higher than those of 10-min BSAE. The predominant free amino acid of both SSAE and BSAE was taurine (227.14–273.64 mg/100 g), followed by proline and arginine. Both essences also showed high correlations between peptide content and Fe²⁺ chelating activity and reducing power. Sensory evaluation trials suggested that 3-h SSAE is more favorable than BSAE in terms of appearance and overall acceptability. In conclusion, SSAE had better antioxidative properties and sensory scores than BSAE.     

Protective effects of dietary selenium on abalone Haliotis discus hannai against the toxicity of waterborne cadmium

This study was conducted to investigate protective effects of dietary selenium (Se) on abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino against the toxicity of cadmium (Cd). A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted with abalone (initial weight: 3.17 ± 0.01 g), which were exposed to 0.34 mg/L of waterborne Cd. During a feeding trial, abalone were fed graded levels of Se at 0.10 (controls), 1.31, and 4.20 mg/kg diet respectively. Results showed that there was no significant difference in specific growth rate and survival rate of abalone among the three treatments. Compared with the controls, dietary Se significantly decreased Cd concentrations in serum, muscle, mantle, gill, mantle, and hepatopancreas of abalone. Besides, compared with the controls, dietary Se significantly increased metallothionein concentration in the hepatopancreas of abalone. Additionally, compared with the controls, dietary Se significantly decreased concentrations of malondiadehyde and protein carbonyl in hepatopancreas of abalone. Meanwhile, compared with the controls, dietary Se significantly increased activities of glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, and thioredoxin peroxidase, and concentration of glutathione in the hepatopancreas of abalone. Based on the data above, in abalone, dietary Se showed protective effects against waterborne Cd.