鲍鱼热风、晾晒干燥的比较试验

以鲍鱼为原材料进行热风干燥和室外晾晒干燥试验,通过探究两种干燥方式的干燥速率以及干燥样品色泽、风味成分和微观结构变化的差异,对两种干燥方式进行对比.结果表明:热风、晾晒干燥过程都先经历短时升速干燥阶段,然后进入降速阶段;完成干燥所需的时间,热风干燥约为晾晒干燥的一半;两种干燥方式均使水煮鲍鱼的里味氨基酸含量显著上升,且热风干鲍较晾晒干鲍更具优势.两种干鲍微观结构差异较大,晾晒样品肌纤维收缩均匀、结构致密,热风干燥样品肌纤维收缩剧烈、组织构造较松散;热风干燥褐变反应比晾晒样品明显.相较于传统的自然晾晒方式,热风干燥具有优势,是一种良好的替代方法.     

Effects of Cu,Zn and Cd on larval development and respiratory metabolism of pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai)

Trochophore and veliger are vulnerable pelagic larvae and susceptible to environmental toxicants, which are extremely crucial for the population renewal. Cu, Zn and Cd pollution are common elements in metal pollution in coastal areas. Though Pacific abalone is the main economic mollusc in China, its larval response to metals remains unclear. To understand this, the effect of Cu, Zn and Cd toxicity on malformation classification and respiratory metabolism of trochophore and veliger are analysed and measured in this paper. The 48 hr EC₅₀ for abalone trochophore was (18.9 ± 1.0) μg/L for Cu, (65.1 ± 0.3) μg/L for Zn and (1,377.8 ± 68.9) μg/L for Cd respectively. The LC₅₀ of veliger was (45.8 ± 0.9) μg/L for Cu, (50.0 ± 0.9) μg/L for Zn and (1,049.3 ± 37.6) μg/L for Cd respectively. Trochophore died with no shell at 128 μg/L Cu, yet remained alive with multiple broken‐shell bodies at 128 μg/L Zn and failed to form well‐developed shells at 20,480 μg/L Cd. All veliger died with complete shells at the mentioned concentrations. A self‐made device was used to study the effect on respiratory metabolism. The respiratory metabolism level was significantly fluctuating under Cu and Zn exposure and declined under Cd. The results indicated a decreasing order of the metal toxicity to trochophore and veliger as follows: Cu > Zn ? Cd. Cu and Zn were the main causes of shell abnormality, and Cd was less toxic. Moreover, the affected respiratory has a negative impact on further larval development.     

用海星棘皮作养鲍饵料添加成分的研究

测定了罗氏海星棘皮的组成成分,并用脱毒处理后的海星进行了毒理试验。海星棘皮干粉中含有１０种必需的微量元素,脂质含量为６．３１％,蛋白质含量为５５．０１％,１０种必需、半必需氨基酸占所含氨基酸总量的４９．８２％。将脱毒处理后的海星棘皮烘干粉碎成粉末,分别以２０％,２５％,３０％掺入国产鲍鱼饵料中喂养鲍鱼,并与日本鲍鱼饵料作对比实实验,喂养效果相似,加３０％者喂养效果最好,可以替代进口鲍鱼饵料。     

鲍养殖生物学研究进展

鲍养殖业的深入发展,使鲍养殖生物学的研究日显突出。结合国内外最新研究动态,对鲍的摄食习性、能量收支、遗传育种、病害等养殖生物学研究成果进行了系统的阐述和总结,并展望了有关课题的研究前景。     

Parentage assignment in hybrid abalones (Haliotis rufescens × Haliotis discus hannai) based on microsatellite DNA markers

Parentage analysis in aquaculture determines genealogical relationships between broodstock and progeny when the parents are unknown. Thus, parentage analysis is a useful tool to establish pedigree reports in molecular‐assisted selection programs. Here, we evaluated 10 heterologous microsatellite markers for parentage assignment in abalone hybrids produced from 43 abalone broodstocks of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and Japanese abalone (H. discus hannai). The allele frequencies, exclusion probabilities and broodstock contributions were calculated using CERVUS, PAPA and GERUD software. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values showed that most of the microsatellite loci were highly informative (>0.7) and more than 90% of parentage assignment was possible with a minimum of 5–6 microsatellite markers. Parentage assignment for hybrid and pure‐red progeny showed a better performance than pure‐Japanese progeny. This result could be due to the high level of allele loss in the parental genotypes. In addition, results indicated that only two sires contributed over 80% and 90% of red and hybrid progenies, respectively. This study gives a new molecular tool to support marker‐assisted selection in abalone hybrids produced in Chile.     

Effects of dietary substitution of fishmeal with the combined dry microalgae,Nannochloropsis oceanica (NO) biomass residue and casein on growth and body composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus)

The effects of dietary substitution of fishmeal with the combined dry Nannochloropsis oceanica (NO) biomass residue and casein on growth performance and carcass composition of juvenile abalone was determined. One thousand two hundred and sixty juvenile abalone were randomly distributed into the 18 L plastic rectangular containers. Five experimental diets in triplicate were prepared. The 28% fishmeal was included into the control (Con) diet. The 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% fishmeal were substituted with the combination of graded levels of dry NO biomass residue and casein, referred to as the NO25, NO50, NO75 and NO100 diets respectively. Finally, the salted sea tangle (ST), Laminaria japonica was prepared to compare the effect of the experimental diets on performance of abalone. The essential amino acids, such as isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine tended to increase with dietary substitution of fishmeal with NO biomass residue in the experimental diets. Arginine tended to decrease with dietary substitution of fishmeal with NO biomass residue. Survival of abalone fed the experimental diets was higher than that of abalone fed the ST diet for 16 weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed the NO100 diet were higher than those of abalone fed the all other diets. Weight gain and SGR of abalone linearly increased with dietary substation of fishmeal with NO. Shell length of abalone tended to increase with dietary substitution of fishmeal with the combined dry NO biomass residue and casein. The chemical composition of the soft body of abalone was different among treatments except for moisture content. In conclusion, fishmeal in the diets for abalone could be completely replaced with the combined dry NO biomass residue and casein when the 28% fishmeal was included.     

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) (Laminaria japonica) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) (Halocynthia roretzi) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus,Reeve 1846)

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone was determined. One thousand four hundred and seventy abalones were distributed into 21 containers. Six formulated diets in triplicate were prepared. A 200 g/kg ST was included into the ST0 diet. The 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 g/kg of ST were substituted with the same amount of tunic of SS, referred to as the ST200, ST400, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets, respectively. Finally, Undaria was prepared to compare effect of the formulated diets on performance of abalone. The experimental diets were fed to abalone for 16 weeks. Weight gain of abalone fed the ST400 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the ST0, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets and Undaria. Weight gain of abalone fed the formulated diets was higher than that of abalone fed the Undaria. The chemical composition of the carcass of abalone was affected by dietary substitution of ST with tunic of SS. In conclusion, ST could be completely substituted with tunic of SS without retardation in performance of abalone. Abalone fed the ST400 diet substituting 400 g/kg ST with tunic of SS achieved the best growth.     

Suitability of cage culture for Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino production in China

Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) aquaculture is a thriving industry in China. This study describes a novel submerged cage culture system for abalone rearing in Fujian, South China. The cage consisted of five vertical slots that were oriented perpendicular to the flow of water. The slots were separated by six vertically connected plastic plates for abalone attachment and shelter at the bottom of the cage. Experiment 1 was designed to determine the appropriate stocking density at the start of the abalone sea‐based production cycle. Eight‐month‐old hatchery reared and size‐graded juveniles were transferred to the sea‐based culture system. For different stocking densities, shell length of juveniles obtained in this novel culture system on 2, 3.5 and 5 months, respectively, was compared with shell lengths obtained in a traditionally multi‐tier basket culture system. In Experiment 2, daily growth rates (DGRs) in shell length and biomass in terms of wet weight of 2‐year‐old abalones reared in cage and tiered basket culture systems were compared over a 6‐month period. Results of Experiment 1 showed that growth of abalone in the cage culture system is density‐dependent; the mean final shell length of juveniles obtained was 6.7–15.9% higher than in tiered baskets system even at the same initial stocking density. In Experiment 2, DGRs in shell length of 53.83–78.38 μm day^?1 obtained in cage system were significantly higher than that in tiered baskets (P < 0.01). And in terms of wet weight biomass, it was 1.48–3.01 times higher in the cage system compared with the traditional system. Abalone survival was more than 87.5% in both culture systems in both experiments. Advantages of the newly established cage culture system included better growth performance of the animals reared and potential improvement of rearing conditions, such as improved water flow velocity and dissolved oxygen.     

IPP图像分析技术在稚幼鲍壳长测量中的应用

应用数字图像处理方法对鲍苗壳长进行图像测量。使用专业图像分析软件（Image-Pro Plus）IPP 6.0处理度量,得到标准刻度尺单位刻度的像素长度,求取鲍苗壳长的像素长度;通过单位标定,像素转换成几何长度,得到鲍苗壳长的测量值,同使用游标卡尺测量值进行比较。比对13批组430粒鲍苗壳长数据。结果表明：基于IPP 6.0的鲍苗壳长图像测量方法和传统手工测量方法,比对试验结果一致性良好,可满足实际生产的需要,具有非接触、测量快、精度高、便于直接统计分析等特点。     

开放海区养殖鲍新技术效益分析

为发展离岸开放海区鲍养殖产业,拓展养殖空间,对兴化湾新近开发的开放海区与传统遮蔽海区,延绳式PVC管养新技术与传统筏架式筐养技术的效益进行了分析比较.结果表明,经济效益以开放海区PVC管最高,其次为开放海区塑料筐,最差为遮蔽海区塑料筐,投入产出比分别为1:2.78、1:2.23、1:1.07.遮蔽海区塑料筐和开放海区塑料筐需要再延长272 d和136 d才达到开放海区PVC管商品规格,其预计投入产出比分别为1:1.82、1:2.73.养鲍主要成本为人工费和饲料费,通过养殖容器改造,可节约人工费33.3％;实施鲍藻可节约饲料成本28.1％～34.77％,投入产出比可达到1:3.61～3.71.延绳式PVC管鲍养殖新技术,既可克服开放海区养鲍技术问题,又可产生可观的经济效益,其模式值得应用推广.