Multi-sector resource allocation and integrated management of abalone stocks in Western Australia: Review and discussion of management strategies

ABSTRACT:   Fishery policy formation is a multilateral political process that typically involves conflicting attitudes towards management, and opposing interests among resource users. As fisheries resources continue to decline, conflict between and within fishing sectors will grow. The challenge for fisheries policy makers is to ensure fisheries resources are evenly allocated among the stakeholders whilst managing resources in a sustainable manner. Australian fisheries management has been revolutionized by the introduction of Integrated Fisheries Management (IFM), which is based on a systematic approach involving the inclusion of all sectors in the management process. This approach means determining the total amount of fish that can be harvested from a fishery and then adopting management strategies for allocating explicit catch shares between the competing sectors. The recent increased burden on fisheries stocks, caused by higher recreational user participation, has forced policy makers to make large changes relating to the allocation of resources. Policy makers in Western Australia, aware of conflict developing between users of the abalone resource, developed a unique management system based on resource sharing. By integrating the recreational sector in the overall management process, the primary objective of the new agenda is to decrease conflict between competing users and develop a management system without partisanship.     

Evaluation of cytochalasin B (CB) treatments for triploidy induction in the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach, 1814)

The effectiveness of cytochalasin B (CB) treatments for inducing triploidy was evaluated in the blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra (Leach, 1814) in two orthogonal design experiments. The first experiment employed three dosages (DSs) of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg CB L^?1, three starting times (STs) of 5, 15 and25 min post fertilization and three treatment durations (TDs) of 10, 20 and 40 min, for a total of 27 treatments. The second experiment comprised of two DSs of 0.25 and 0.5 mg CB L^?1, five STs of 5, 15, 20, 25and 30 min post fertilization, and three TDs of 10, 20 and 40 min, for a total of 30 treatments. Water temperature was held at 17.5–18.5°C. Day 3 larvae were sampled for triploidy using flow cytometry (FCM) and survival. Optimal inductions were treatments starting at 15 or 20 min post fertilization and continuing for 40 min, and those initiated 25 or 30 min post fertilization for 20 or 40 min, using 0.5 mg CB L^?1. These treatments were all targeted at inhibition of the second polar body (PB2) formation and yielded triploidy rates of 84.8–89.5% coupled with (relative) survival rates of 20.1–52.1% in the first experiment, and corresponding rates of 86.5–96.5% and 33.0–74.1%, respectively, in the second experiment. A common and essential feature of these optimal conditions is that treatment must fully span the period of time for most of the eggs to extrude PB2. Treatments that resulted in suppression of the first polar body (PB1) formation induced triploidy levels below 71.5% and 57.6% in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Treatments that had overlapping effects on both PB1 and PB2 extrusion led to triploidy rates above 80% but very low survival rates of 1.8% and 5.4% in experiments 1 and 2 respectively.     

Growth of the abalone Haliotis diversicolor (Reeve) fed with macroalgae in floating net cage and plastic tank

The abalone Haliotis diversicolor (Reeve) or ‘tokobushi’ is being cultured in Kagoshima, southern Japan for stock enhancement of fishing grounds. However, with decreasing catches from the wild some fishermen's group may eventually resort to rearing tokobushi until of marketable size. Growth experiments of tokobushi fed macroalgae in floating net cage and plastic tanks were conducted to evaluate the influence of culture system, macroalgal food, age and water temperature on their culture. In floating net cage, marketable sizes were obtained at the age of 457–822‐day old (15–27‐month old) with highest growth rate of 2.36% g day^?1 and 0.21 mm day^?1. One advantage of the plastic tank culture system was that the tokobushi shell remained clean throughout the culture period. Macroalgal food affected the growth rate; Sargassum fusiforme (Setchell)‐ and Ulva pertusa (Kjellman)‐fed tokobushi were better than Meristotheca papulosa (Montagne)‐fed. Further, 1‐year‐old tokobushi had better growth performance and condition index than the 2‐year‐old cohort, and growth rates were higher at 17°C than at 12°C. These findings should help tokobushi farmers design their mariculture scheme considering both economic and environmental aspects.     

鲍苗促生长配合饵料的研制

参照国内外数种鲍饵料配方，添加十几味中草药及促生长激素，设计出５种饵料配方，对１．５－２．２ｃｍ的鲍苗进行喂试验。结果９４－４Ｆ２配合饵粒效果最佳，水温上升前期的日增长速度是９６．９μｍ，日增重２０．９ｍｇ，分别比饲喂海带对照组提高３０．３μｍ、７ｍｇ。在水温上升后期的成活率是９２．７％，比对照组提高１８．３％。１９９４年１０月专家鉴定认为，本研究成果经济效益显著，居山东省先进水平。     

鲍鱼性腺小肽的制备及抗氧化活性的初步研究

以雄性皱纹盘鲍性腺为原料,建立了蛋白酶酶解制备抗氧化活性蛋白肽的工艺条件．分别对木瓜蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶进行单因素研究,并以二者的复合酶为工具酶进行响应面分析．结果显示,雄性鲍鱼性腺的最优酶解条件为木瓜蛋白酶与中性蛋白酶的比例为1：4、pH=6．6、酶解温度为53．7℃、酶解时间为70．4min．高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析结果表明,酶解液中多肽的分子质量主要分布在1ku以下．制备的酶解液具有较强的清除自由基效果,清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）的EC50值为6．8mg／mL,还原力的AC0.5值为12．87mg／mL．     

不同类群九孔鲍免疫防御机能的比较

对不同类群的九孔鲍细胞与体液免疫机能进行比较,结果表明,不同类群的九孔鲍免疫机能具有显著的差异性,复壮鲍(养殖10个月,个体大小为51.8～59.2mm)细胞与体液免疫机能都明显高于退化鲍(养殖20个月,个体大小为37.4～43.1mm)(P<0.01),与野生九孔鲍(个体大小为67.7～76.7mm)相比,复壮鲍细胞免疫机能略高于野生鲍,体液免疫机能则明显低于野生鲍。九孔鲍血细胞在吞噬活动中具有呼吸爆发产生活性氧的功能与特点,活性氧的产生与九孔鲍自身生理、环境温度以及异物数量等因素有显著的相关性(P<0.01)。环境温度由25℃下降至18℃,九孔鲍的细胞与体液免疫机能都有明显的下降。退化鲍在25℃和18℃条件下血淋巴液的抗菌活力水平差异性不明显。酚氧化酶存在于九孔鲍血淋巴液中,但其活性水平不高,在各类九孔鲍之间的差异性也不明显,不能确认为九孔鲍的主要体液免疫因子。