冀北山地鼠害综合防治技术研究

针对冀北山地的森林鼠害发生规律及防治措施进行了研究,通过铗捕法和洞口统计法进行鼠害种类及密度的调查;通过踏查确定主要危害树种;采用化学、物理、营林、生物药剂、天敌等5种方法进行了防治效果对比分析。结果表明,该区域威胁森林资源安全的主要鼠害为棕背鼲,油松是其主要为害树种;7月、8月是其为害高峰期,也是防治的关键期;物理防治(树干套管)和营林措施(割灌除草)防治效果最好,分别达到83%和89%,并且具有可操作性,适合大面积推广;天敌防治见效周期较长,是解决森林鼠害的治本之道,但短期效果不太明显,生物药剂防治效果不佳。     

侧多食跗线螨对麻疯树的为害及防控

侧多食跗线螨是农林上最重要的广食性害螨种类之一,对新兴能源植物麻疯树构成极大的潜在威胁.文章综述了国外对侧多食跗线螨为害麻疯树的相关研究报道,介绍其为害特点、形态特征、生物学特性、发生发展规律、主要发生区、监测检测方法及防治措施等.侧多食跗线螨在我国分布广泛,相关麻疯树种植区要积极做好该害螨的发生监测与科学防控工作.     

纯木薯废弃物栽培平菇的配方优化及效益分析

【目的】筛选以纯木薯废弃物为原料、适合平菇栽培的培养基配方,为实现木薯产业废弃物资源化提供参考依据。【方法】以不同比例的木薯杆、木薯酒精渣配制成6个培养基配方,以桑枝屑、棉籽壳各半添加15.0%麸皮的常规配方作对照,通过袋栽方式栽培平菇,比较木薯杆、木薯酒精渣不同添加比例对平菇菌丝生长、生物学转化率及生产效益的影响。【结果】木薯杆、木薯酒精渣不同配比培养基对平菇菌丝生长及生物学效率的影响不同,综合考虑平菇菌丝生长、生物转化率及生产效益,以木薯杆52.00%-67.00%、木薯酒精渣30.00%-45.00%、石灰2.00%、石膏1.00%为配方进行平菇栽培效果较佳。【结论】以木薯杆、木薯酒精渣等纯木薯产业废弃物为原料并添加石灰、石膏的配方栽培平菇,既能有效利用木薯产业副产品,保护环境,又能保证生产平菇的经济效益。     

桑枝屑夏季栽培秀珍菇的配方优化

【目的】筛选以桑枝屑为原料、适合秀珍菇夏季栽培的最佳配方,为实现桑枝条资源化和秀珍菇反季节高产优质栽培提供参考依据。【方法】利用＂移动式菌棒制冷＂工艺对菇棚进行降温刺激,以不同添加比例的桑枝屑（90%、85%、80%）为原料配制成3个栽培配方,以玉米芯添加麸皮的配方作对照,比较各配方栽培秀珍菇的菌丝生长情况、鲜菇产量、生物学效率、经济效益及氨基酸含量。【结果】不同桑枝屑添加配比的栽培配方在夏季栽培秀珍菇均能正常出菇,但对秀珍菇菌丝生长、鲜菇产量、生物学效率及氨基酸含量的影响不同,综合考虑,以桑枝屑80%、麸皮18%、碳酸钙1%、石灰1%为配方进行秀珍菇夏季栽培的效果最佳,其菌丝长势好,平均每袋鲜菇产量、生物学效率、投入产出比和氨基酸总量均最高,分别为0.48 kg、111.6%、1∶2.57和4.24%。【结论】利用＂移动式菌棒制冷＂工艺,以桑枝屑为主料添加麸皮、碳酸钙、石灰的配方在夏季栽培秀珍菇是可行的,既可降低生产成本,又具有较好的经济效益。     

张集矿采煤沉陷区环境质量问题及其重建对策

对张集矿采煤沉陷区的现状进行了调查,指出了沉陷区及其流域存在着水质污染、富营养化、农药残留、毁林开荒、水土流失、崩岸严重、水生生态环境恶化等诸多问题,提出了生态修复、生态重建等对策,以改善采煤沉陷区的环境质量。     

Sesbania aegyptiaca as promising biomass for manufacturing of MDF

Sesbania fiber is a fast-growing wood species that has been investigated for medium-density fiberboard (MDF) production. To assess the possibility of applying the local industrial defibration parameters of sugar-cane bagasse (SCB) on defibration of sesbania, the chemical constituents of unfibrated and defibrated sesbania, as well as their thermal stability and scanning electron micrographs, were estimated. Different preparation variables of MDF, such as density, level of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin (with 0.19% free-formaldehyde [HCHO]), and pressing time were studied, in comparison with that produced by using SCB fibers. The results showed that most of the tested sesbania-based MDFs have mechanical properties that fulfill the minimum requirements of MDF ANSI standard. Additionally, applying 12% UF and pressing for 240 sec provided sesbania-based MDF with optimum reduction in thickness swelling (reached ～7%). It is important to note that the sesbania-based MDF produced under these conditions is characterized by a lower TS property, than that obtained from SCB, or that reported in standards. The preliminary feasibility study revealed that using sesbania fibers will be an added economical potential for MDF production.     

Utilisation of wood biomass residues from fruit tree branches,evergreen hardwood shrubs and Greek fir wood as raw materials for particleboard production. Part A. Mechanical properties

This paper investigates the potential of utilising wood biomass from fruit tree branches and evergreen hardwood shrubs as raw materials in the production of particleboards when mixed with Greek fir wood particles. The main mechanical properties of the boards made therefrom were determined and compared with those made of typical industrial wood (IW) particles. The highest modulus of rupture and elasticity (30.0 N/mm² and 4330 N/mm², respectively) in bending and screw withdrawal (SW) resistance (127.8 N/mm) were reported for boards made of Greek fir and were downgraded when the fruit tree branches or evergreen hardwood shrub particles also participated. The participation of fruit tree branch particles in proportions higher than 50% improved the internal bond (IB) of fir produced boards, while the highest IB strength (0.95 N/mm²) was reported for boards made of fruit tree branches. Particleboards made of evergreen hardwood shrubs showed inferior mechanical properties compared with those made of IW particles. The latter also showed superior bending strength but inferior SW resistance compared with boards made of fruit tree branches. Hygroscopic and other properties are under determination and will be presented and discussed in the second part of the work.     

种植密度对洛薯8号生物学性状及产量的影响

以洛薯8号为材料,采取随机区组设计,进行相同施肥管理水平下的密度试验,探索洛薯8号获得最好经济效益的栽培密度.结果表明:群体随密度增加而增大,但个体转弱,导致营养生长与生殖生长不协调,植株的抗病性、抗逆性变差;随着密度加大(45 000～90 000株/hm2),单株结薯个数由4.8个减少到3.6个,单株结薯质量由684.71 g减小到410.41 g,平均薯块质量由142.64 g减小到114.00 g,大薯率由75.26％减小到38.92％,商品率逐渐变差,由90.64％下降到63.54％;产量随着栽培密度的增加呈现先增加后减少趋势,栽植密度为45 000株/hm2时产量最低,为30 811.80 kg/hm2,密度为67 500株/hm2时产量达到峰值,为38 426.10 kg/hm2,随后产量逐渐降低.密度67 500株/hm2与密度为60 000、75 000、82 500株/hm2之间产量差异不显著,而与其他密度(45 000、52 500、90 000株/hm2)处理间存在显著差异.从而得出洛薯8号在河南两季作区的适宜栽植密度为60 000～82 500株/hm2,最适宜密度为67 500株/hm2.     

甘肃瑞香提取物对菜粉蝶幼虫生物活性的影响

为探明甘肃瑞香(Daphne tangutica Maxim)对菜粉蝶幼虫的生物活性,以甘肃瑞香的全株、叶、茎皮、茎木质部、根皮和根木质部为研究对象,以甲醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、氯仿、苯和石油醚为溶剂,采用索氏法提取其活性成分,明确其最佳的杀虫活性部位和提取溶剂.结果表明:在干粉100mg/mL的质量浓度下,各溶剂瑞香全株的提取物均对菜粉蝶幼虫表现出明显的拒食、胃毒和触杀作用,其中苯的提取效果最好,其粗提物对菜粉蝶5龄幼虫24h的拒食率为92.29%,胃毒作用的LD50为19.56μg/头,7d后触杀作用的LD50为52.56μg/头.甘肃瑞香不同部位的苯提取物对菜粉蝶5龄幼虫均表现出明显的拒食、胃毒和触杀作用,其活性部位表现为甘肃瑞香叶>根皮>茎皮>茎木质部>根木质部.甘肃瑞香叶粗提物杀虫活性最高,其粗提物对菜粉蝶5龄幼虫24h的拒食率为94.59%,胃毒作用的LD50为8.47μg/头;7d后触杀作用的LD50为50.41μg/头.     

美国蓝鳃太阳鱼养殖技术

报道了蓝鳃太阳鱼(Lipomis macroehius)的外部形态、生活、生长、繁殖习性、食性等生物学特征，以及鱼苗培育、成鱼养殖、鱼病防治技术。分析了该鱼发展中存在的问题，并提出建议。