三江源区森林植被对气候变化响应的研究分析

基于植物生态学原理,在设置样地、建立样方的基础上,分别采用角规法对三江源区10个典型乔木林样地蓄积量、每木检尺法对三江源区10个典型灌木林样地生物量、收获法对三江源区10个典型草本样地生物量进行年度连续监测,在同期、同空间、同尺度条件下发现:2006年度乔木林蓄积量相比2005年稍有增长,2006年度灌木林生物量相比2005年有增有减,2006年度草本生物量相比2005年均有减少。分析其原因主要是由于气候变化造成的,2006年较2005年平均气温升高0.2-1.0℃、蒸发量增加54-334mm、年降水量减少60.7-164.5mm。     

土地利用变化与经济发展关系的理论探讨——以陕北黄土高原为例

目前国际土地利用/覆被变化的研究趋势是强调土地利用变化的综合性研究和土地利用变化与人类活动的协同演进研究。文章统地分析了土地利用变化与产业经济发展之间关系的研究现状、土地利用变化与产业经济发展之间相互作用的理论机制,并以陕北黄土高原为例做了实证分析。可以看出随着社会经济的发展,土地利用目标、利用方式和开发水平的变化以及各产业部门间对土地利用的特殊要求和比较经济效益的差异,导致土地资源在不同产业部门间流转和重分配,从而引起土地利用变化,反之,土地利用变化又会影响区域经济发展水平、经济产业结构、产业布局的演进和变化,二者是一种协同、互动的演进关系。在陕北产业经济类型的转变过程中,土地利用变化的主导机制也由国家计划调配主导型转变为土地利用的经济效益竞争机制主导型、经济效益最优机制及各种政策主导型、经济效益和生态效益最优机制主导型,土地利用变化表现出显著的阶段性特征。     

四川冬春季参考作物蒸散量时空变化及其成因

为深入认识四川冬春季参考作物蒸散量(ET₀)的变化特征,利用1980—2016年四川35个气象站的逐日气象观测资料,采用泰森多边形、气候倾向率和克里金空间插值等方法对其冬春季ET₀的时空变化特征进行分析,并通过敏感性和贡献率分析了ET₀的变化成因。结果表明:ET₀的年代际变化呈先降后增的趋势,空间上呈明显的西南高东部低的分布特征,且高值区范围持续扩大,低值区范围波动缩小。ET₀的年际变化呈上升趋势,春季ET₀气候倾向率和空间差异明显大于冬季,且ET₀高值区与低值区空间分布受海拔高度影响明显。ET₀的同一日多年平均值自初冬至初春逐渐上升,1月22日—5月2日仅有8 d的ET₀值低于多年日平均值,具有明显连续的高值时段。ET₀对日照时数的变化最敏感,其次是对相对湿度与平均气温,对三者均呈高敏感性。平均气温的正贡献率是引起ET₀变化的主导因子,其次是相对...     

"蜜本"南瓜生长过程中营养成分的动态变化

对“蜜本”南瓜果实花后10￣50d期间多糖、β-胡萝卜素、氨基酸、Vc、蛋白质、总糖、还原糖、矿质元素等营养成分含量的动态变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:多糖、β-胡萝卜素、氨基酸、蛋白质、总糖、还原糖含量增加,但不同阶段各成分含量增加幅度不同;Vc含量下降,但在果实生长发育的最后阶段又稍上升;矿质元素含量变化较为复杂;部分营养成分含量之间的变化存在着一定的相关性。     

Meeting the UK's climate change commitments: options for carbon mitigation on agricultural land

Abstract. Under the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union is committed to an 8% reduction in CO₂ emissions, compared to baseline (1990) levels, during the first commitment period (2008–2012). However, within the overall EU agreement, the UK is committed to a 12.5% reduction. In this paper, we estimate the carbon mitigation potential of various agricultural land-management strategies (Kyoto Article 3.4) and examine the consequences of UK and European policy options on the potential for carbon mitigation.
We show that integrated agricultural land management strategies have considerable potential for carbon mitigation. Our figures suggest the following potentials (Tg yr⁻¹) for each scenario: animal manure, 3.7; sewage sludge, 0.3; cereal straw incorporation, 1.9; no-till farming, 3.5; agricultural extensification, 3.3; natural woodland regeneration, 3.2 and bioenergy crop production, 4.1. A realistic land-use scenario combining a number of these individual management options has a mitigation potential of 10.4 Tg C yr⁻¹ (equivalent to about 6.6% of 1990 UK CO₂-carbon emissions). An important resource for carbon mitigation in agriculture is the surplus arable land, but in order to fully exploit it, policies governing the use of surplus arable land would need to be changed. Of all options examined, bioenergy crops show the greatest potential. Bioenergy crop production also shows an indefinite mitigation potential compared to other options where the potential is infinite.
The UK will not attempt to meet its climate change commitments solely through changes in agricultural land-use, but since all sources of carbon mitigation will be important in meeting these commitments, agricultural options should be taken very seriously.     

Community structures of Collembola in sugar maple forests: relations to humus type and seasonal trends

Community structures of Collembola and their seasonal fluctuations were studied in eight southern Quebec sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) forests growing on mull, moder and mor humus types. Endogeic species were extracted from soil cores using Berlese-Tullgren funnels while epigeic species were collected using pit-light traps (Luminoc®). Comparisons of species presence, abundance, and dominance among sites and seasons were done using Sorensen's similarity coefficients and CANOCO. A total of 92 species from 7 families and 35 genera were identified. Species dominance and community structure differed according to humus types. Two groups of endogeic species were identified. The mor/mor-moder type group included Folsomia penicula, Hypogastrura (Ceratophysella) spp. Que., Micrisotoma achromata, Onychiurus (Protaphorura)? parvicornis, Onychiurus (Onychiurus) sp. A Que. And Onychiurus (Onychiurus) sp. B Que. The mull/mull-moder type group included Isotoma (Desoria) notabilis, Tullbergia (Tullbergia) silvicola, Tullbergia (Tullbergia) clavata, and Pseudosinella alba. Such clear humus type relationships were not found among the epigeic species, but important seasonal changes in community structures were found for these species. Spring species were Sminthurinus (Katiannina) macgillivrayi, Hypogastrura (Ceratophysella) maheuxi, Hypogastrura (Hypogastrura) sp. A Que. and Sminthurinus (Sminthurinus) latimaculosus. Tomocerus (Pogonognathellus) flavescens, Sminthurinus (Sminthurinus) henshawi, and Orchesella hexfasciata appeared in the summer samples while Dicyrtoma (Dicyrtoma) aurata was found only in fall samples where it was dominant in most sites along with either Sminthurides (Sminthurides) lepus or Sminthurinus (Sminthurinus) quadrimaculatus. No strong seasonal trends were found among the dominant endogeic species.     

Analysis of soil-vegetation systems' sensitivity to changes of climate-dependent carbon turnover parameters

 The nonlinear model of the carbon cycle in soils (NAMSOM) was used to analyze the sensitivity of soil organic matter levels to variations in carbon turnover parameters. We were able to predict the sensitivity of soil organic matter levels to variations of climate-dependent carbon turnover parameters, which allowed us to compare the sensitivity of soil organic matter levels to net primary productivity of plant communities and plant debris decomposition rate constants across the range of soils in the European part of Russia. The results indicate that meadow steppes show the lowest sensitivity to variations of these parameters. In passing from meadow steppes to the northern taiga and to semideserts, the sensitivity increases. In general, soil organic matter levels of boreal forest ecosystems are about 2–3 times more sensitive to input and decomposition of plant debris than to decomposition of humus. In subboreal grassland ecosystems the sensitivity to humus decomposition increases and becomes closer to the degree of sensitivity shown by soil organic matter levels to variations of productivity and decomposition of plant debris. The proposed method may be useful for predicting the response of ecosystems to climatic change. Received: 1 December 1997     

水稻生产改为蔬菜或葡萄栽培对土壤养分的影响研究——以浙江富阳为例

以浙江杭州郊区为例,研究了土地利用方式变化对土壤养分的影响,以期对土地利用方式的选择提供借鉴。选取当地3种典型的土地利用方式变化类型,调查由传统水稻生产改为种植高经济收益的芦笋、葡萄或芥菜后不同年限对土壤养分变化的影响。结果表明,水稻田改种芦笋后,除铵态氮以外,土壤表层中的其他养分（有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾）浓度均显著提高（P〈0．05）;全氮、全钾以及硝态氮的增幅延续到剖面深层。其他两种类型的土地利用方式变化也有相似规律,其中有效态养分增幅更为明显。土地利用方式变化对养分分布也有一定的影响,水稻田改种芦笋后全氮和全钾的浓度增加最为显著,而改种葡萄后变化最大的养分是速效钾,改种芥菜后土壤硝态氮上升更显著。因此,水稻田转变成种植其他经济作物会引起土壤表层乃至剖面深层养分浓度的增加,可能造成农业面源污染,易引起养分流失和导致水体富营养化。     

黄土高原半干旱地区土地利用变化对土壤养分、酶活性的影响研究

对黄土高原半干旱地区土地利用变化进行了土壤养分、酶活性及相关性研究。结果表明，过氧化氢酶活性可表征人工草地苜蓿地的速效磷、速效钾，撂荒地的有机质、全氮和碱解氮的正向转化状况，及沙棘林土壤速效磷负向转化进程，但不能用过氧化氢酶活性表征精细耕作的土壤肥力状况。多酚氧化酶活性可表征农田土壤有机质、全氮正向转化进程及菜园土和果园土有机质、全氮负向转化进程，不能表征自然土壤腐殖质转化状况。转化酶活性可表征农田、菜园土、果园、苜蓿地和撂荒地的碱解氮正向转化进程以及沙棘林碱解氮的负向转化进程，可全面表征撂荒地的速效磷负向转化进程及其它养分的正向转化进程。脲酶活性可表征果园地、菜园土的全氮、碱解氮和有机质的肥力水平。磷酸酶活性可表征果园土、农田和撂荒地的速效磷正向转化状况，不能表征其它土地利用类型的磷素转化状况。     

The impact of environmental change on the intensity and spatial pattern of water erosion in a semi-arid mountainous Andean environment

Aerial photographs taken in 1976 and 1989 and a field survey in 1999 showed that land use in a 900-ha catchment in the southern part of the Ecuadorian Andes is highly dynamic. Over 23 years, ca. 83 ha of arable land was abandoned and ca. 70 ha was taken into agricultural production. Changes in land use were not spatially homogeneous. Parcels on unstable geologic formations and close to village centres were preferably set-aside. Land taken into cultivation was preferably located on gently sloping areas close to newly built sites and arterial roads. The area with bush vegetation increased by regeneration of natural vegetation on fields set-aside in the late 1970s and early 1980s. There was a complex interaction between water erosion and environmental change in the study area. Land taken into production was levelled for furrow irrigation: this led to a net reduction in the area susceptible to water erosion. However, one quarter of the area affected only by sheet and rill erosion 23 years ago has since become incised by deep gullies. This increase in gully density was related to inadequate construction and management of irrigation infrastructure, rather than to change in vegetation cover and/or soil erodibility caused by agricultural practices. This factor is often overlooked in studies of the effects of environmental change on geomorphologic processes.