淅川乌骨鸡全基因组转座子的鉴定与分析

【目的】 通过分析淅川乌骨鸡全基因组重测序数据,获取淅川乌骨鸡转座子的基本信息和特征分布,探究转座子相关基因参与的通路。不仅对研究淅川乌骨鸡转座子的生物学功能具有重要的意义,而且为探索基因组扩增、基因组功能及进化研究提供重要基础数据。 【方法】 对淅川乌骨鸡血液DNA进行全基因组重测序,采用双末端短序列比对基因组,运用RepeatModeler、TEclass、RepeatMasker等使用流程对转座子进行鉴定、构建、校正、分类和注释,获得淅川乌骨鸡整个基因组所有的转座子,对转座子的特征、分布及和基因的关系等方面进行分析。并对转座子插入的所有基因进行GO和KEGG数据库富集,分别结合GO和KEGG注释结果对功能进行描述。 【结果】 经鉴定、分类和注释,淅川乌骨鸡共鉴定到370 252个转座子序列,分为19个超家族,主要为CR1、TcMar-Mariner、ERVL、ERV1等超家族,进一步说明淅川乌骨鸡转座子类型主要是逆转录转座子;转座子的数目和染色体长度有关,染色体越长,转座子数目越多。在基因组中转座子和基因的密度成反比,基因密集的区域中转座子密度较低;基因组内转座子的插入并非随机的,LTR/ERVL、LTR/ERV1、DNA/PIF-Harbinger、DNA/Hat-Charlie、RC/Helitron等转座子倾向于插入基因外部。GO富集分析表明,在生物过程条目中鉴定出的转座子富集相对较多的是细胞过程、单生物过程、代谢过程、生物调节、刺激反应等;分子功能条目中鉴定出的转座子富集相对较多的是结合、催化活性等;细胞组分条目中鉴定出的转座子富集相对较多的是细胞部分、细胞器、膜等。KEGG富集分析表明,鉴定出的转座子主要在甘油酯代谢、PPAR信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、胰岛素抵抗、Jak-STAT信号通路等通路。着重关注了与淅川乌骨鸡特性相关的通路,如和色素沉积有关的酪氨酸代谢、和肉品质有关的脂代谢、脂肪酸的合成、PI3K-Akt信号通路等。 【结论】 转座子含量与基因组大小,具有一定的正相关性,而且淅川乌骨鸡转座子在基因组的分布存在一定偏好性。转座子相关基因在色素相关通路中富集,其可能与淅川乌骨鸡的种质特性有关,具体的调控机制还有待进一步研究。     

Steam explosion of crop straws improves the characteristics of biochar as a soil amendment

Five crop straws(wheat, rice, maize, oil-rape, and cotton) were first steam-exploded for 2 min at 210°C, 2.5 MPa and then pyrolyzed at 500°C for 2 h. Steam explosion(SE) induced 47–95% and 5–16% reduction of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively, in the crop straws. The biochars derived from SE-treated feedstocks had a lower specific surface area(SSA) and pore volume, compared to those from pristine feedstocks, with one exception that SE enhanced SSA of oil-rape straw biochar by approximately 16 times. After SE, biochars had significant higher anion exchange capacity(AEC)(6.88–11.44 cmol kg~(–1)) and point of zero net charges(PZNC)(pH 3.61–5.32) values. It can thus be speculated that these biochars may have higher potential for anions adsorption. In addition, oil-rape straw might be suitable to SE pretreatment for preparing biochar as a soil amendment and sorbent as well. Further work is required for testing its application in soil.     

宁夏引黄灌区10个紫花苜蓿品种越冬性综合评价

为评价紫花苜蓿不同品种在宁夏引黄灌区的越冬性能,测定了10个紫花苜蓿品种的株高、分枝数、根颈入土深度和根颈直径、干草产量等农艺性状,并使用灰色关联度法和系统聚类分析进行综合评价和分类。结果表明:紫花苜蓿6个农艺性状与越冬性关联度顺序依次为:干草产量>越冬率>株高>根颈直径>根颈入土深度>分枝数,灰色关联度为WL354HQ>WL903HQ>WL326GZ>WL353HQ>WL363HQ>WL343HQ>WL319HQ>WL366HQ>WL168HQ>WL298HQ;10个紫花苜蓿品种越冬性通过系统聚类分析可分为2大类4小类,以WL354HQ,WL903和WL326GZ品种在宁夏引黄灌区的越冬能力最强。     

Bovine mycoplasmas: cultural and biochemical studies. II

A number of biochemical and biological tests have been performed using reference strains of presently known mycoplasma species or sero-groups of bovine origin. The purpose of these investigations was partly to fulfil the requirements of “The Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mycoplasmatares” in describing new species of mycoplasmas, and partly to select methods which might be of value in daily diagnostic work. Concerning the latter point, the following tests are recommended for strains belonging to the digitonin resistant genus Acholeplasma: catabolism of galactose, xylose, aesculin and arbutin. In the genus Mycoplasma, which is digitonin sensitive, 5 tests are of special value: catabolism of glucose and arginine, phosphatase activity, formation of “film and spots”, and serum digestion.     

Trends in the quality and hygiene parameters of bulk Italian Mediterranean buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) milk: A three year study

Buffalo milk represents an indispensable source of nourishment in many parts of the world and it is the second most consumed milk worldwide. Buffalo milk is actually used for the production of many dairy products such as pasteurized or concentrated milk, butter, yogurt, ice‐cream, dehydrated milk products and cheeses. Due to its high nutritional value and the presence of natural bioactive substances, buffalo milk can also provide health benefits to consumers. In Italy, buffalo milk is used mainly for cheese making, mozzarella PDO (Protected Designation of Origin), which is a highly valued dairy product. This 3‐year study, carried out between 2011 and 2013, was aimed at evaluating the quality of bulk Italian Mediterranean buffalo milk by monitoring physico‐chemical parameters, somatic cell and total bacterial counts. A total of 51 samples of bulk milk were collected from one herd throughout the monitored period. Analysis of variance, carried out to test month, season and year main effects, highlighted remarkable seasonal effects for fat, protein and lactose content, as well as for predicted mozzarella cheese yield, and somatic cell counts. The calculation of simple correlations allowed the identification of positive correlations between estimated cheese yield and fat and protein content.     

猪瘟病毒E2基因的克隆及分子特性分析

为研究四川地区猪瘟病毒（classical swine fever virus,CSFV）及E2基因的遗传变异情况,试验对CSFV阳性病料抽提RNA,通过RT-PCR扩增CSFV E2基因并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体,经菌落PCR、双酶切、序列测定后利用生物信息学软件分析了E2基因的分子特性。结果显示,扩增的E2基因大小为1 125 bp,编码375个氨基酸,与GenBank中CSFV GXWZ02、CSFV/2.1、HEBZ、YC11WB、SXYL2006、0406/CH/01/TWN亲缘关系较近,核苷酸同源性分别为98.3%、96.5%、94.7%、92.4%、92.1%和90.9%,而与疫苗株HCLV E2的同源性较低,为87.6%。密码子偏向性分析显示,E2基因的ENc值为53.161,密码子使用频率与大肠杆菌、酵母菌和人差异较大的分别有33、25和25个;此外,E2基因共有34个稀有密码子,且有多个稀有密码子多次串联成簇的情况出现。结果表明,E2基因在密码子使用中整体上不存在较明显的偏向性,且密码子使用模式更接近真核生物,本试验克隆的E2基因与疫苗株相比,部分核苷酸出现了变异,但主要抗原域氨基酸未发生改变,该结果为进一步开展CSFV E2功能研究及后期基因工程苗的研制提供了基础数据。     

牛副流感病毒3型毒株的分离鉴定及基因组遗传变异分析

从新疆地区某牛场出现发热、咳嗽等症状的多例病牛的肺组织中分离得到3株牛副流感病毒3型,分别命名为XJ03、XJ022、XJ023,对其中两株病毒XJ03和XJ023的基因组进行序列测定,测序结果显示,XJ03和XJ023毒株基因组全长分别为15474 bp(Gen Bank登录号为KU198929)和15475 bp,其核苷酸同源性为99.89%。同代表性的牛副流感病毒基因组比对发现,与我国的山东毒株SD0835同源性最高为99.3%,均属C型BPIV。在C型毒株中,与南韩12Q061分离株(C型)同源性最低为97.5%。F、N、HN、L、P、M蛋白基因氨基酸序列分析显示,与SD0835毒株相应序列对比,同源性分别为99.63%、92.15%、99.48%、99.28%、98.50%和100%,部分氨基酸发生了新的变异。试验结果将为今后更好地开展BPIV3防控奠定基础。     

纤维素纳米晶制备方法及应用研究进展

纤维素纳米晶(CNC)是从天然植物纤维原料中提取的棒状纳米材料,长度为几百纳米,直径为5～50 nm,因其具有天然绿色、生物降解性、生物相容性,高比表面积、反应活性较大等特性,受到国内外学者的广泛关注.本文综述了 CNC的制备和改性方法,概述了现有的CNC表征方法,介绍了 CNC材料在食品、生物医药、环保、光电能源等领...     

马桑根瘤内生菌纯培养物的分离、回接及其生物学特性

多次采用根瘤切片法直接从野生的马桑根瘤中分离内生菌纯培养物均未获成功;但用同样方法从温室里人工接种形成的马桑根瘤中却分离到大量纯培养物。其中273株经盆栽回接后发现有24株能侵染结瘤;少数菌株还通过半固体斜面和珍珠岩盆栽回接成功。对10株纯培养物表型特性的研究表明,它们均具有Frankia的形态和培养特征;生理类型除有A、B两型外,尚出现有一类A、B混合型,其中凡属B型菌株的均能侵染结瘤,A型则不能,两株A、B混合型中有1株能结瘤,另1株却不能;碳、氮源利用特性和其它Frankia基本相似;细胞壁组分既有Ⅲ型也有Ⅱ型;全细胞鉴别性糖大多为木糖和半乳糖,少数菌株只含有半乳糖或木糖,或含有半乳糖、木糖和阿拉伯糖。DNA中G+C mol%为65%～74%。     

憎水性红曲黄色素的制备与表征

用乙酐处理水溶性红曲黄色素,得到了憎水性红曲黄色素,其最大吸收波长为490nm．由FTIR测定结果推测,在反应中可能产生酮与酸酐的缩合反应．反应后的红曲黄色素可以溶于多种较低极性的溶剂．在加热过程中,添加Al^3 的色素溶液稳定性较差,添加Sn^2 或Mg^2 的色素溶液比较稳定,而添加Fe^3 或Ca^2 后,色素溶液光密度则略有上升,色素溶液光密度随光照或水浴加热时间延长而呈接近线性下降．