Pelagic ecology of a northern boundary current system: effects of upwelling on the production and distribution of sardine (Sardinops sagax), anchovy (Engraulis australis) and southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in the Great Australian Bight

Shelf waters of southern Australia support the world's only northern boundary current ecosystem. Although there are some indications of intense nitrate enrichment in the eastern Great Australian Bight (GAB) arising from upwelling of the Flinders Current, the biological consequences of these processes are poorly understood. We show that productivity in the eastern GAB is low during winter, but that coastal upwelling at several locations during the austral summer–autumn results in localized increases in surface chlorophyll a concentrations and downstream enhancement of zooplankton biomass. Sardine (Sardinops sagax) and anchovy (Engraulis australis) eggs and larvae are abundant and widely distributed in shelf waters of the eastern and central GAB during summer–autumn, with high densities of sardine eggs and larvae occurring in areas with high zooplankton biomass. Egg densities and distributions support previous evidence suggesting that the spawning biomass of sardine in the waters off South Australia is an order of magnitude higher than elsewhere in southern Australia. Sardine comprised >50% of the identified prey species of juvenile southern bluefin tuna (SBT, Thunnus maccoyii) collected during this study. Other studies have shown that the lipid content of sardine from the GAB is relatively high during summer and autumn. We suggest that juvenile SBT migrate into the eastern and central GAB during each summer–autumn to access the high densities of lipid‐rich sardines that are available in the region during the upwelling period. Levels of primary, secondary and fish production in the eastern GAB during summer–autumn are higher than those recorded in other parts of Australia, and within the lower portion of ranges observed during upwelling events in the productive eastern boundary current systems off California, Peru and southern Africa.     

Growth of Australian shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) elvers given different dietary protein and lipid levels

The Australian shortfin eel, Anguilla australis is a potential candidate for intensive aquaculture. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the growth of elvers (5.4 g ± 0.1 initial weight) fed with diets of varying protein and lipid content, and to assess the potential of using soya‐bean meal as a dietary ingredient. A 10 week experiment was conducted at 24 (±1.0) °C by rearing fish, in 60 L conical fibre glass tanks using a closed recirculation system. Diets having protein concentrations of 40 or 50% (by dry weight) were tested at three lipid levels (15, 20, 25%); diets being designated P₄₀L₁₅, P₄₀L₂₀, P₄₀L₂₅, P₅₀L_15, etc. All these diets contained 5% soya‐bean meal. In addition P₅₀L₂₀ diets were formulated to contain 10 and 20% soya‐bean meal in the diet (Diets S1 & S2). Shortfin eel grew best on the P₅₀L₁₅ diet, with an average specific growth rate of 2.26%. Food conservation ratio (FCR) and Protein efficiency ratio (PER) ranged from 1.21 (P₅₀L₁₅) to 2.12 (P₄₀L₂₅), and 0.92 (P₅₀L₂₅) to 1.65 (P₅₀L₁₅), respectively. Based on all criteria the best growth performance of shortfin eel was on the P₅₀L₁₅ diet, followed by P₄₀L₂₀ and P₄₀L₁₅. At both protein levels fish reared on diets with 25% lipid performed poorly. The performance of shortfin eel was not affected by the amount of soya‐bean meal in the diet, up to a maximum of 20% dietary inclusion. No significant differences in muscle protein were evident in shortfin eel reared on different dietary treatments, nor was the lipid content of muscle related to dietary lipid level.     

山西省历山自然保护区鸡桑品种的特征及分布

历山自然保护区发现有野生种质资源鸡桑品种。介绍了山西省鸡桑品种资源的地理分布、形态特征和主要用途。     

近26 a博斯腾湖芦苇湿地的动态监测及其驱动因素

具有自我调节净化湿地、水量平衡、调节气候等功能的湿地植物群落的重要建群种——芦苇(Pragmites australis),是重要的自然资源之一.以博斯腾湖周围区域1 050 m等高线内的芦苇湿地为研究对象,以近26 a(1990-2015年)的Landsat解译数据与气象、水文数据相结合,应用线性回归建模、广义线性建模等方法,分析博斯腾湖芦苇湿地的时空变化及其成因.结果表明:①近26 a博斯腾湖大湖芦苇面积变化以2000年为界分为2个阶段,1990-2000年芦苇面积总体呈下降趋势;2000-2015年总体呈上升趋势.形成这种变化的主要驱动因子为水位.②博斯腾湖小湖芦苇面积的动态变化不太明显,1990-2000年芦苇面积波动上升,但幅度较小;2000-2015年波动上升,变化幅度较大.其主要驱动因子是生态需水量和人为育苇等.③水位与芦苇面积拟合的非线性关系表明,大湖芦苇生长最佳水位为1 046.66 m.本研究可为博斯腾湖湿地的保护和利用及其生态安全提供科学依据.     

松嫩平原不同生境芦苇生殖分株的异速生长分析

通过乳熟后期大样本随机取样,对松嫩平原季节性积水的单优种芦苇群落和旱地生境羊草+芦苇群落的芦苇生殖分株数量特征进行了定量分析。结果表明,2种生境除花序长和花序生物量外,分株高、构件生物量、分株生物量、生殖生长比率和构件生物量分配间均达到显著差异。2种生境绝对数量性状中花序生物量变异系数最高,分别为57.73%和49.87%;相对数量性状中生殖分配的变异系数最高,分别为36.17%和39.44%。株高与花序长呈正相关,但与生殖生长比率呈负相关趋势。在构件生物量分配关系中,生殖分配和生产分配、生产分配和茎生物量分配均呈极显著的幂函数异速生长关系。揭示了不同生境条件下芦苇较强的调节生殖分配能力,体现了植物个体生长与生殖策略。     

Comparison of litter decomposition in a natural versus coal‐slurry pond reclaimed as a wetland

Decomposition is a key function in reclaimed wetlands, and changes in its rate have ramifications for organic‐matter accumulation, nutrient cycling, and production. The purpose of this study was to compare leaf litter decomposition rates in coal‐slurry ponds vs. natural wetlands on natural floodplain wetlands in Illinois, USA. The rate of decomposition was slower in the natural wetland vs. the coal pond (k = 0·0043 ± 0·0008 vs. 0·0066 ± 0·0011, respectively); the soil of the natural wetland was more acidic than the coal pond in this study (pH = 5·3 vs. 7·9, respectively). Similarly, higher organic matter levels were related to lower pH levels, and organic matter levels were seven‐times higher in the natural wetland than in the coal pond. The coal slurry pond was five years old at the time of the study, while the natural oxbow wetland was older (more than 550 years). The coal‐slurry pond was originally a floodplain wetland (slough); the downstream end was blocked with a stoplog structure and the oxbow filled with slurry. The pattern of decomposition for all species in the coal pond was the same as in the natural pond; Potomogeton nodosus decomposed more quickly than Phragmites australis, and both of these species decomposed more quickly than either Typha latifolia or Cyperus erythrorhizos (k = 0·0121±0·0008, 0·0051 ± 0·0006, 0·0024 ± 0·0001, 0·0024 ± 0·0004, respectively). Depending on how open or closed the system is to outside inputs, decomposition rate regulates other functions such as production, nutrient cycling, organic‐layer accumulation in the soil, and the timing and nature of delivery of detritus to the food chain. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铁苋菜超微粉对仔猪生长性能、血液生化指标及粪样菌群的影响

为研究铁苋菜超微粉对仔猪生长性能、血液生化指标及粪样菌群的影响,选取同一批次的28日龄健康、平均体重(10.75±0.82)kg的外三元断奶仔猪150头,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头,公母各半.3个铁苋菜超微粉组在基础饲粮中分别加入500 g/kg、1000 g/kg和2500 mg/kg的铁苋菜超微粉,...     

松嫩平原芦苇的生物学和生态学特征

芦苇(Phragmites australis)在松嫩平原生存的历史久远而且分布广泛, 通过查阅文献, 本文分析了芦苇在松嫩平原特有的气候、土壤环境下形成的一系列生物学和生态学及遗传学特征, 具体表现在形态解剖结构和光合、抗性生理特征, 根茎的多种生物功能, 抵抗盐碱、干旱和低温的能力, 基因流, 克隆间、种群间的遗传差异, 表型可塑性、繁殖策略的可塑性以及生长调节和物质分配策略等方面。     

Emissions of nitrous oxide from a constructed wetland using a groundfilter and macrophytes in waste-water purification of a dairy farm

 In less populated rural areas constructed wetlands with a groundfilter made out of the local soil mixed with peat and planted with common reed (Phragmites australis) are increasingly used to purify waste water. Particularly in the rhizosphere of the reed, nitrification and denitrification processes take place varying locally and temporally, and the question arises to what extent this type of waste-water treatment plant may contribute to the release of N₂O. In situ N₂O measurements were carried out in the two reed beds of the Friedelhausen dairy farm, Hesse, Germany, irrigated with the waste water from a cheese dairy and 70 local inhabitants (12 m³ waste water or 6 kg BOD₅ or 11 kg chemical O₂ demand (COD_Mn) day^–1). During November 1995 to March 1996, the release of N₂O was measured weekly at 1 m distances using eight open chambers and molecular-sieve traps to collect and absorb the emitted N₂O. Simultanously, the N₂O trapped in the soil, the soil temperature, as well as the concentrations of NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃ ^–-N, NO₂ ^–-N, water-soluble C and the pH were determined at depths of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm. In the waste water from the in- and outflow the concentrations of COD_Mn, BOD₅, NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃ ^–-N, NO₂ ^–-N, as well as the pH, were determined weekly. Highly varying amounts of N₂O were emitted at all measuring dates during the winter. Even at soil temperatures of –1.5  °C in 10 cm depth of soil or 2  °C at a depth of 50 cm, N₂O was released. The highest organic matter and N transformation rates were recorded in the upper 20 cm of soil and in the region closest to the outflow of the constructed wetland. Not until a freezing period of several weeks did the N₂O emissions drop drastically. During the period of decreasing temperatures less NO₃ ^–-N was formed in the soil, but the NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations increased. On average the constructed wetlands of Friedelhausen emitted about 15 mg N₂O-N inhabitant equivalent^–1 day^–1 during the winter period. Nitrification-denitrification processes rather than heterotrophic denitrification are assumed to be responsible for the N₂O production. Received: 28 October 1998     

富营养化水体中芦苇和菖蒲浮床氮净化能力比较研究

以小兴凯湖水为原水配制不同富营养化程度的污水,比较了芦苇和菖蒲浮床系统对TN的去除效果,分析了植物根系特征和植物吸收氮总量与氮去除效率和速率之间的关系,研究氮去除的主要途径和主要影响因素。结果表明,芦苇和菖蒲浮床对TN均有较强的净化能力,在TN浓度分别为9．63、4．58mg·L^-1的污水中,芦苇浮床对TN的平均去除率分别为91．5％和84．2％,菖蒲浮床的去除效率分别为89．9％和82．8％,植物吸收对氮去除的贡献率为36．4％～77．1％。两种污水中,芦苇浮床在生长末期前2d对TN的平均去除速率分别为4．20、1．77mg·L^-1·d^-1,显著高于菖蒲浮床的1．75、1．04mg·L^-1·d^-1。两种植物的根系总长度、表面积和体积3个指标均与TN去除速率呈正相关关系（R≥0．826,P〈0．01）,根系发达程度是影响TN去除速率的主要因素。