Culture results from milk samples submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories from August 2003 to December 2006 in New Zealand

Abstract

AIMS: To determine the pattern of isolation of major mastitis-causing organisms isolated from milk samples submitted to five veterinary diagnostic laboratories in New Zealand.

METHODS: The culture results of 25,288 milk samples that were collected from dairy cows throughout New Zealand from August 2003 to December 2006 and submitted to a group of veterinary diagnostic laboratories were assembled, reviewed and summarised. Logistic regression was used to analyse the effect of year, region (i.e. North vs South Island), and season on the probability of isolating the two most common organisms.

RESULTS: The most commonly isolated mastitis causing organisms from all samples were: Streptococcus uberis (23.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (23.5%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS; 7.2%), Strep. dysgalactiae (6.2%), Bacillus spp. (4.0%), and coliforms (3.7%). The percentage of samples with isolates of Strep. uberis or Staph. aureus was affected by island, year and season (p<0.001). For most of the year, except in late winter and early spring when Strep. uberis was much more common, the percentage of isolates of Strep. uberis and Staph. aureus were not apparently different despite the former being an environmental pathogen and the other a contagious one.

CONCLUSION: The pattern of isolation of major mastitis-causing organisms, as determined from culture of milk samples submitted to diagnostic laboratories in New Zealand, has changed significantly over the last 40 years, with a substantial increase in the percentage of isolates that are Strep. uberis and a decrease in isolates of Strep. agalactiae. There is a clear seasonal pattern to the isolation of both Strep. uberis and Staph. aureus, particularly the former.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Knowledge of the aetiological agents causing bovine mastitis on a farm is of value in determining the choice of treatment. This dataset shows that, although there is seasonal pattern to the isolation of mastitis-causing organisms in New Zealand, both Strep. uberis and Staph. aureus are isolated throughout the year, so bacteriology is of value in determining aetiology even in late winter/early spring.     

Prediction of penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy cows with mastitis,based on prior test results

AIM: To gauge how well prior laboratory test results predict in vitro penicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy cows with mastitis.

METHODS: Population-based data on the farm of origin (n=79), genotype based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) results, and the penicillin-resistance status of Staph. aureus isolates (n=115) from milk samples collected from dairy cows with mastitis submitted to two diagnostic laboratories over a 6-month period were used. Data were mined stochastically using the all-possible-pairs method, binomial modelling and bootstrap simulation, to test whether prior test results enhance the accuracy of prediction of penicillin resistance on farms.

RESULTS: Of all Staph. aureus isolates tested, 38% were penicillin resistant. A significant aggregation of penicillin-resistance status was evident within farms. The probability of random pairs of isolates from the same farm having the same penicillin-resistance status was 76%, compared with 53% for random pairings of samples across all farms. Thus, the resistance status of randomly selected isolates was 1.43 times more likely to correctly predict the status of other isolates from the same farm than the random population pairwise concordance probability (p=0.011). This effect was likely due to the clonal relationship of isolates within farms, as the predictive fraction attributable to prior test results was close to nil when the effect of within-farm clonal infections was withdrawn from the model.

CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the penicillin-resistance status of a prior Staph. aureus isolate significantly enhanced the predictive capability of other isolates from the same farm. In the time and space frame of this study, clinicians using previous information from a farm would have more accurately predicted the penicillin-resistance status of an isolate than they would by chance alone on farms infected with clonal Staph. aureus isolates, but not on farms infected with highly genetically heterogeneous bacterial strains.     

硒对S. aureus诱导的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞Nod2/MAPK/mTORs信号通路关键蛋白表达的影响

【目的】硒（Se）能否通过Nod2/MAPK/mTOR途径调控金黄色葡萄球菌诱导的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎性损伤,有待于进一步研究。因此本研究将探究硒对金黄色葡萄球菌（S. aureus）感染的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞（bMECs）Nod2/MAPK/mTORs信号通路中关键蛋白表达的影响,从而为阐明硒的免疫调控机制提供理论依据。【方法】首先将bMECs以10 ⁶细胞/孔接种于6孔板中,当细胞超过80%的汇合度时,用含2、4和8 μmol·L ^-1浓度硒的培养基替换原来的培养基,继续孵育12 h,然后用PBS洗涤每孔3次,将S. aureus按MOI=1:1的比例加入6孔板中,继续培养0.5 h,然后收集bMECs细胞进行相关蛋白的检测。本试验共分3大组,即对照（Con）组（bMECs）、模型（Mod）组（bMECs+S. aureus）和试验组。其中试验组又分3个亚剂量组,即Low组（bMECs+2 μmol·L ^-1 Se+S. aureus）、Mid组（bMECs+4 μmol·L ^-1 Se+S. aureus）和Hig组（bMECs+8 μmol·L ^-1 Se+S. aureus）,每组设3个重复。利用BCA蛋白测定试剂盒对收集的bMECs细胞进行总蛋白提取。应用Western blotting技术检测bMECs中Nod2和RIP2蛋白表达水平及JNK,AKT和mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平。将蛋白样品加到10%的SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中,上样量为20 μg/孔,之后将蛋白转移到聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）膜上。将PVDF膜用5 mL 5%脱脂乳阻断2 h,脱脂乳脱脂后用TBST清洗后,分别用5 mL的 Nod2、RIP2、JNK、AKT、mTOR和β-actin的一抗孵育过夜,回收一抗。之后在PVDF膜中分别加入5 mL上述蛋白的二抗,室温孵育2 h,回收二抗。PVDF用TBST洗涤5次,最后在暗室条件下进行化学显影。 【结果】S. aureus能显著提高bMECs中Nod2和RIP2蛋白表达水平及JNK,AKT和mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平（P<0.01）。S. aureus感染0.5 h后,Nod2蛋白水平显著升高（P<0.01）。在培养基里添加2 μmol·L ^-1 的硒可极显著抑制Nod2蛋白的表达（P<0.01）,在培养基里添加8 μmol·L ^-1 的硒可显著抑制Nod2的表达（P<0.05）; S . aureus感染0.5 h后,RIP2蛋白水平显著升高（P<0.05）,而在培养基里添加8 μmol·L ^-1 硒可显著抑制RIP2蛋白的表达（P<0.05）;S. aureus感染0.5 h后,与对照组相比,模型组JNK蛋白磷酸化水平显著升高（P<0.01）。在培养基里添加4 μmol·L ^-1 的硒能显著抑制JNK蛋白的磷酸化水平（P<0.05）,在培养基里添加8 μmol·L ^-1 的硒能显著抑制JNK蛋白的磷酸化水平（P<0.01）; S. aureus感染0.5 h后,与对照组相比,模型组AKT蛋白磷酸化水平显著升高（P<0.01）。在培养基里添加4 μmol·L ^-1 硒可极显著抑制JNK蛋白的磷酸化水平（P<0.01）,在培养基里添加8 μmol·L ^-1 硒可显著抑制AKT蛋白的磷酸化水平（P<0.05）;S. aureus感染0.5 h后,模型组mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平显著升高（P<0.01）。在培养基里分别添加4 μmol·L ^-1 和8 μmol·L ^-1 硒均能显著抑制mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平（P<0.05）。 【结论】硒可通过抑制bMECs Nod2/MAPK/mTORs信号通路中关键因子蛋白的表达而减轻S. aureus诱导的bMECs炎症反应。     

固体脂质纳米增强抗菌药物对胞内金黄色葡萄球菌活性的研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌导致的乳房炎是危害奶牛养殖业最严重的疾病之一。抗菌药在胞内极易排出或失活,导致奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌乳房炎治疗效果差且容易复发。纳米粒子具有在巨噬细胞和上皮细胞等多种细胞中积累的能力,可提高药物在胞内的浓度和胞内停留时间,这使得它们可用于治疗细胞内感染。本文对固体脂质纳米抗金黄色葡萄球菌感染的研究进展进行综述,以指导和推动固体脂质纳米在治疗金黄色葡萄球菌乳腺炎方面的应用。     

中链脂肪酸及其酯对致病菌的抑菌作用

中链脂肪酸甘油酯已经成为抗生素替代物研究的新热点。文章旨在探究月桂酸、单辛酸甘油酯、单月桂酸甘油酯、辛葵酸甘油酯对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠炎沙门氏菌和鸡白痢沙门氏菌的抑菌效果。结果显示:月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯对大肠埃希菌有显著(P<0.05)抑制作用;月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯、辛葵酸甘油酯对金黄色葡萄球菌有显著(P<0.05)抑制作用;月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯、辛葵酸甘油酯对肠炎沙门氏菌有显著(P<0.05)抑制作用;月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯对鸡白痢沙门氏菌有显著(P<0.05)抑制作用。其中,月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯对4种致病菌的作用效果随时间延长而增强。     

7味蒙药对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌体外抑菌试验研究

为筛选出对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus,S. aureus）和大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli,E. coli）具有良好抑菌作用的蒙药,试验采用打孔法测定S. aureus和E. coli对石榴皮、诃子、小白蒿、黄芩、黄芪、苦参、铁线莲7味蒙药敏感程度,微量稀释法测定蒙药的最小抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC）,棋盘法测定敏感蒙药对S. aureus和E. coli的协同指数（fractional inhibitory concentration index,FICI）。结果显示：石榴皮、诃子、黄芩3味蒙药对S. aureus的抑菌圈直径为23.30~32.60 mm,MIC为0.98~7.80 mg/mL;石榴皮、诃子、黄芩3味蒙药对E. coli的抑菌圈直径为5.20~12.50 mm,MIC为7.80~31.50 mg/mL;石榴皮与诃子联合用药对S. aureus的FICI为1.00,为相加作用;诃子与黄芩、石榴皮分别联合用药对E. coli的FICI都为0.75,为相加作用。综上所述,石榴皮、诃子、黄芩3味蒙药对S. aureus综合抑菌效果达极度敏感或高度敏感;石榴皮、诃子、黄芩3味蒙药对E. coli综合抑菌效果达极度敏感或高度敏感;在抑制S. aureus的配方中石榴皮、黄芩、诃子可被优先考虑;在抑制E. coli的配方中黄芩、诃子、石榴皮可被优先考虑。     

金黄色葡萄球菌对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞Wnt/β-catenin信号通路和相关修复因子的影响

采用金黄色葡萄球菌侵袭原代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,观察该病原菌对乳腺上皮细胞Wnt/β-catenin信号通路关键蛋白和相关修复因子EGFR、TGF-β3和VEGF基因mRNA表达的影响。金黄色葡萄球菌以MOI=1∶1的比例接种奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,分别作用0,15,30,45,60,120,240 min,采用Western blot法检测乳腺上皮细胞β-catenin、Cyclin D1及c-Myc蛋白表达水平;免疫荧光法检测β-catenin的表达及核易位;荧光定量PCR检测EGFR、TGF-β3和VEGF基因mRNA表达。结果显示,β-catenin蛋白在45,60,120 min表达量升高,与0 min相比差异显著(P<0.05);Cyclin D1蛋白在45,60,120和240 min表达量升高,差异显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01);c-Myc蛋白在15,30,60,120,240 min表达量升高,差异极显著(P<0.01)。修复相关因子EGFR、TGF-β3和VEGF基因mRNA的表达量在30 min均出现极显著升高(P<0.01),且VEGF基因mRNA在45,60,120和240 min均呈现极显著升高(P<0.01),EGFR基因mRNA表达量在30,45和60 min时表达量极显著升高(P<0.01)。结果表明,金黄色葡萄球菌侵袭奶牛乳腺上皮细胞后,诱导Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的转导和修复因子EGFR、TGF-β3和VEGF基因转录,该信号通路和修复因子可能参与金黄色葡萄球菌导致的炎症和细胞损伤的修复过程。     

FcRn介导Fc与金黄色葡萄球菌毒力因子融合蛋白跨细胞转运至局部免疫触发位点

为了探究奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌毒力因子的重组蛋白能否经上皮屏障被转运至特定的乳腺局部免疫触发位点,本研究对金黄色葡萄球菌毒力因子重组蛋白FnBPB-ClfA和Fc融合蛋白Fc-FnBPB-ClfA的跨细胞转运机制、新生儿Fc受体(FcRn)是否参与此进程进行了验证。原代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(pbMECs)接种于Transwell嵌套内的多孔膜上,培养至极性状态且细胞屏障完整,用于胞吞转运试验。将pbMECs对重组蛋白的胞吞转运试验设置为温度处理组(37℃和4℃)、蛋白A处理组、胞转途径抑制剂处理组。结果表明,2种重组蛋白均可被转运跨过pbMECs屏障,该转运作用呈温度依赖性,可能与囊泡介导的转运路径及FcRn受体有关,排除了细胞旁路扩散的可能。蛋白A对FnBPB-ClfA的跨细胞转运及亚细胞定位无明显影响,但明显减少了Fc-FnBPB-ClfA的跨细胞转运及其在细胞膜蛋白、骨架蛋白中的数量,说明Fc-FnBPB-ClfA的Fc与FcRn的结合在胞吞转运作用中发挥重要作用。LY294002、非律平以剂量-效应关系分别降低了FnBPB-ClfA、Fc-FnBPB-ClfA的跨细胞转运。结果表明,Fc融合蛋白Fc-FnBPB-ClfA能经胞吞转运作用跨过pbMECs屏障至局部免疫触发位点,且FcRn参与并促进了Fc融合蛋白的胞吞转运作用。     

四川省一些实验动物养殖场SPF大鼠和小鼠肠内容物中金黄色葡萄球菌的检测

调查四川省一些实验动物养殖场的实验动物中金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,SA)携带情况,找出传播途径和进化规律,分析其污染原因,为保障实验动物质量提供技术支撑。按照GB/T 14926.14-2001《实验动物金黄色葡萄球菌检测方法》对2011年-2017年四川省部分实验动物中SA进行检测,对分离的SA菌株进行PCR耐药基因mecA检测,并应用金黄色葡萄球菌A蛋白(Staphylococcus protein A,SPA)和脉冲场电泳(pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)进行分子分型。结果显示,2011年-2017年共从7家实验动物养殖场采集并完成370只实验动物中SA的检测,共检出SA 31株,总分离率为12.16%,且均从SPF大鼠中分离所得。31株SA的mecA基因均为阴性。SPA可分成5个型别,其中T2360为优势型别,PFGE型别有10个带型。四川省养殖实验动物中仅SPF大鼠携带SA,不同年份检出SA基因型别基本不同,不同养殖场同一年检出的SA具有相同基因型,说明不同养殖场中的SA可能来自同一污染源,应加强SPF大鼠监控,以确保实验动物的质量。     

Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in urban Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations: Epidemiology and the impacts of kill‐trapping

Urban Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations can carry the bacteria methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). There are numerous knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of MRSA in these populations that limit understanding of its ecology in urban environments. For example, fecal shedding of MRSA, which may increase environmental contamination, has been reported in other species; however, it is unknown whether Norway rats carry the bacteria rectally. Furthermore, while intermittent MRSA shedding has been shown in other species and may dictate when the risk of transmission is highest, duration of carriage has not been examined for Norway rats. Previous work has shown that lethal animal‐control methods may increase the level of pathogens within reservoir populations, possibly by disrupting ecological patterns. However, the impact of rodent‐control on potentially environmentally acquired pathogens like MRSA has not been tested. Using capture‐mark‐recapture methods in an inner‐city neighborhood in Vancouver, Canada, we show that rats intermittently carry MRSA both in the rectum and oropharynx. By assessing the prevalence of MRSA before and after enacting a pest‐control intervention, we report that kill‐trapping had no impact on the prevalence of carriage of this environmentally‐acquired agent.