Risks to the aquatic ecosystem from the application of Metarhizium anisopliae for locust control in Australia

Laboratory tests of Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum Driver & Milner, at a dose of 1.3 x 10(6) conidia ml-1, had no adverse effects on nymphs of mayfly, Ulmerophlebia sp or 8-week-old fry of the rainbow fish, Melanotaenia duboulayi Castelnau. This dose was toxic to the cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, causing 100% mortality in 48 h. When this test was repeated at doses of up to 6.7 x 10(3) conidia ml-1, there was only 5% mortality after 192 h. Spraying of artificial water sources with a very high dose of the fungus as an aqueous spray resulted in 80-130 conidia ml-1 at 15 cm depth in the first 24 h after spraying. The conidia rapidly settled out and were absent from the top 15 cm layer of water after about 50 h. A similar experiment using the oil formulation as used in field control resulted in a 2- to 20-fold lower level of conidia in the water. Finally, sampling actual water sources in spray areas revealed a very low level of contamination of the water, with a maximum mean level of 29 conidia ml-1 in the first 24 h after treatment. Thus the level of conidia likely to enter water during control campaigns is a small fraction of that required to kill cladocerans, the only sensitive non-target organism tested. It is concluded that the biopesticide is very unlikely to pose any hazard to aquatic organisms.     

水产食品特定腐败菌与货架期的预测和延长

Fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products are welcome by the global market, however, they are also among the most perishable food products. The research on specific spoilage organisms (SSO) reveals the spoilage process of aquatic product. This paper reviews the current knowledge (past ten years) on SSO of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products with particular emphasis on characteristics of SSO and how to apply this concept to determine, predict and extend the shelf life of aquatic product. During storage, the microflora changes owing to different abilities of the microorganisms to tolerate the preservation conditions. SSO is defined as special microorganisms which can increase rapidly during preservation and has the ability to produce off- odours and off- flavours associated with spoilage, and spoilage metabolites. Identification of an SSO relies on comparison of the sensory and chemical characteristics of spoiled product with those of isolates from the spoilage microflora. Generally, the SSO of fresh fish may be a single species or genus, but the ones of lightly preserved fish products will be more complex. One exciting area for use of SSO aims to obtain quantitative knowledge about probable behavior of SSO and their function during the progression of spoilage. Thus mathematical models on the growth of SSO are established to evaluate the quality lost degree of product, which provide a sound information for the rational development of devices to monitor loss of products shelf life. Models for the growth of Pseudomonas spp, S. putrefaciens, P. phosphoreum have been established, and validated for shelf life prediction of seafood successfully. Another application field of SSO intends to develop the techniques to prolong the shelf life of food products by inhibiting SSO targetedly. Targeted inhibition of spoilage bacteria during preservation reduces their growth and results in a significant extension of shelf life in despite of the activity of non - spoilage organisms has not been influenced. Such techniques have been applied in perversion field of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish.     

南昌市水生观赏植物在园林规划中的应用

水生观赏植物是营造园林水体景观的重要植物材料,它们不仅具有很高的观赏价值,而且还可以净化和改善水质。在当前城市化进程加速、可利用资源不断减少、水生态环境破坏严重的情况下,探讨发挥水生植物群落所形成的景观效果和生态效应,具有深远的意义。江西省水资源丰富,水生植物种类繁多,其中就有不少种类具有很高的观赏价值。近年来,南昌市园林水景建设蓬勃发展,水生观赏植物在水景建设中被广泛应用。本文对南昌市水生观赏植物在园林应用的现状进行了实地跟踪调查,并在此基础上对水生植物造景进行了较为系统的研究,希望为丰富水生植物景观的物种多样性和景观多样性,以及为水生观赏植物的进一步推广应用提供良好的借鉴。     

磺胺类药物胶体金快速检测试剂条的研制及在水产品中的应用

为建立一种快速检测水产品中磺胺类药物残留含量的检测方法,应用胶体金免疫层析技术,研制了一种水产品中磺胺类药物免疫胶体金快速检测试剂条。将羊抗鼠IgG、免疫抗原(SDL-HSA)和金标抗体三者经过反复调试优化,以适宜浓度和包被量分别包被到硝酸纤维素(NC)膜和胶体金结合垫上,包被后的硝酸纤维素(NC)膜、样品垫、胶体金结合垫、吸水垫及其他辅料组装成试剂条。结果表明：该试剂条对水产品中8种磺胺类药物：磺胺嘧啶(SD)、磺胺噻唑(ST)、磺胺甲基异恶唑(SMZ)、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(SMM)、磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)、磺胺喹恶啉(SQX)、磺胺甲氧哒嗪(SMP)、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶(SMD)的检出限分别为5、5、10、40、45、50、100、100μg/kg,与链霉素、四环素、氯霉素、盐酸克伦特罗、环丙沙星等其他兽药无交叉反应。试验证明检测试剂具有较高的灵敏度及特异性、操作便捷、稳定可靠,可作为磺胺类药物残留检测的一种快速简便方法。     

中国大城市居民水产品消费水平和消费特征对比分析

中国地域广阔,不同地区在自然资源禀赋、经济发展水平和文化习俗等方面存在明显的差异,并因此导致了水产品消费水平和消费特征的区域性差异。利用2013年在北京、上海、西安3个城市的问卷调研数据,从区域角度出发,对不同地区城镇居民水产品消费水平以及包括购买倾向、消费种类、消费形态、消费场所、购买场所等消费特征存在的差异进行了比较分析,并以此为基础,有针对性地提出了提高不同地区居民水产品消费水平的对策。     

基于主成份分析法的我国水产苗种产业区域划分及影响因素研究

水产苗种的产业化生产是未来水产养殖发展的必然趋势。分析了中国29个省区水产苗种产业,通过主成份分析得出了苗种产业竞争力评价指标,包括基础设施指标、人力资源指标、自然资源指标以及政策指标。其中基础设施指标、人力资源指标在产业区域竞争力形成过程中起到至关重要的作用。最后,根据4个指标得分和综合竞争力排名情况,将中国水产苗种产业划分为高度发达地区、较发达地区、欠发达区域以及落后地区4大类区域。并对4类区域的竞争力指标情况,提出针对性的产业提升建议。     

韶关北江特有珍稀鱼类省级自然保护区水生生物群落结构特征分析

2019 年 8 月对韶关北江特有珍稀鱼类省级自然保护区内水域开展了浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物等调查,共发现浮游植物种类 6 门 67 种（属）,浮游动物 68 种（属）,大型底栖动物 3 门 27 属（科）。浮游植物种群丰度为 6.41×105~11.03×105 cells/L,Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数为 2.226~2.803;浮游动物种群丰度为 54~151.25 ind/L,Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数为 2.814~3.244;底栖动物种群丰度的变化范围为 18~102 ind/m2。表明：韶关北江特有珍稀鱼类自然保护区内水体为中营养型,生物多样性指数一般,水体环境质量中等,水体受污染程度较低。     

鱼粉的研究现状及展望

随着水产养殖业的高速发展,鱼粉作为优质的高蛋白水产饲料原料,对于我国水产养殖业的健康持续发展具有重大的经济意义。对鱼粉的基本成分及加工工艺进行了概括,并对影响鱼粉质量的因素及检测方法进行了分析。针对鱼粉应用中存在的一些主要问题,提出了相应对策,并在立足鱼粉发展现状的基础上,展望了鱼粉今后的发展前景。     

低值水产品及水产副产品的加工与综合利用

低值水产品及其副产品通常经过简单加工后被作为饲料利用或直接作为废物丢弃,不仅造成资源浪费,而且造成对环境的污染。研究表明,利用高新技术,可以把低值水产品或水产品下脚料加工成功能性鱼油制品、新型鱼糜制品、海鲜调味品和营养丰富的水解鱼蛋白饲料等高附加值的产品,以及骨糊、硫酸软骨素和骨胶等功能性添加剂。这些产品的研究开发为低值水产品及副产品的加工利用提供了新的途径。     

人工浮岛种植水生植物对包头南海湿地水质净化效果研究

【目的】解决包头南海湿地氮磷等营养元素富集的问题,提升包头南海湿地的水质。【方法】于2017年7—9月,在包头南海湿地构筑了一段由3种水生植物单独或混合种植的人工浮岛,并对浮岛的水质进行跟踪监测。【结果】经过92 d的试验处理,风车草对TN的去除效果最好,去除率为36.02%,可以使水体中TN质量浓度提高到地表水Ⅴ类标准;风车草+水葱+千屈菜对TP的去除效果最好,去除率为41.61%,可以使水体中TP质量浓度从地表水Ⅴ类标准提高到Ⅳ类标准;对CODcr去除效果最好的是风车草+水葱+千屈菜,去除率为27.01%。对浮游藻类抑制效果最好的是风车草,可以有效抑制水华束丝藻。【结论】混合植物人工浮岛比单一型人工浮岛去除氮磷等有机物的效果要好,尤以风车草、水葱、千屈菜3种植物混合组成的人工浮岛对氮磷等有机物的效果最好。风车草、水葱、千屈菜可以作为包头南海湿地水体富营养化防治的浮岛栽培植物来进行推广应用。