西藏牦牛大肠埃希氏菌的分离鉴定与毒力测定

从自然病死的西藏牦牛的心、肝、脾、肾、淋巴结与血液病料中分离到128株疑似大肠杆菌,鉴定结果表明,有32株为大肠埃希氏菌,其中的10株菌有致病性;在这10株中3株毒力较强,为产毒性大肠埃希氏菌,致病率达90%以上,其余7株中等毒力,致病率达50%。首次鉴定出牦牛大肠杆菌血清型有18种:O142,O148,O158,O26,O43,O159,O39,O108,O91,O21,O14,O13,O36,O88,O24,O18,O68和O25。3株毒力较强菌株的血清型鉴定结果表明,1号菌株为O148,O142,O158混合型;2号菌株为O26,O148,O142,O158混合型;30号菌株为O26,O148混合型。     

黑龙江流域黑河江段的水资源承载能力评价研究

根据黑龙江流域黑河江段的概况,在构建指标体系基本原则的基础上,建立了黑龙江流域黑河江段的水资源承载能力指标体系(包括3层结构和15个指标)。在充分考虑到流域的基本特点和各种方法的利弊后,用层次分析法和数理统计方法相结合的状态趋势建立评价模型,对该地区的水资源承载能力进行综合评价和综合分析。最后,提出了提高水资源承载能力的对策和建议。     

Assessing the feasibility of biological control of locusts and grasshoppers in West Africa: Incorporating the farmers' perspective

A participatory rural appraisal inthree West African countries examined thepossibility for replacing chemical pesticidesto control locusts and grasshoppers with abiological control method based on anindigenous fungal pathogen. The fungus iscurrently being tested at different sites inthe Sahel and in the humid tropics of WestAfrica. Structured group interviews, individualdiscussions, and field visits, were used toobtain farmers' perceptions of locust andgrasshoppers as crop pests, their quantitativeestimation of crop losses, and theirwillingness to pay for locust control. Farmersas well as plant protection officers generallyperceived locusts and grasshoppers as importantpests that cause significant damage. Farmerswere aware of some of the risks of the use ofchemical pesticides, but not of the potentialalternatives. The use of the fungus in anoil-formulation and standard Ultra Low Volume(ULV) equipment was demonstrated, and theresults discussed with farmers. Theirimpressions of biological control werefavorable, and they expressed an interest inusing the technology. Farmers' expressedwillingness to pay for locust control is small,but not negligible. Locusts and grasshoppersare very visible pests and thus amenable topressure from farmers to local administrators,as well as by farmers' relatives in the city onthe national government. Therefore, politicalpressure for locust control is strong, althoughnational governments spend little on it,depending mostly on foreign donors. Donors areincreasingly worried about the environmentaleffect of the large amounts of chemicalpesticides used on locust control, and arepushing for more benign alternatives. Theresults of the present survey indicate thatthere may be a potential market for abiopesticide against grasshoppers and locustson cash crops in the humid areas. The potentialmarket in the Sahel depends on a reduction ofcosts or a subsidy of its price. This subsidycould be justified by the expected reduction inenvironmental and health costs when replacingchemical pesticides. Since donors are thecurrent purchasers of chemical pesticides forthe Sahel, they would also be expected to beinvolved in the purchase of the biologicalproduct.     

饲用玉米抗旱性生理生化指标的研究

在ＰＥＧ（聚乙二醇）高渗溶液模拟的水分胁迫下，对抗旱性不同的饲用玉米苗期的部分生理生化指标与田间抗旱指数进行了相关分析。根据相关程度，并结合简便性和重复性等，从所测１０项指标中筛选出幼苗叶片相对电导率和ＣＡＴ（过氧化氢酶）活力可作为重要抗旱鉴定指标；根系活力、ＣＳＩ（叶绿素稳定指数）和ＳＯＤ（超氧物歧化酶）活力可作为参考鉴定指标；其余指标一般不宜作为饲用玉米的抗旱鉴定指标。     

荷花品种综合评选的数学模型

本文根据荷花品种分类和评选工作的特点与经验,应用模糊数学的综合评判方法,建立了碗莲品种的综合评选模型。实例验证表明:该模型具有模拟“专家评议”的功能,可推广应用。     

18个三叶草品种耐热性综合评价

对18个三叶草品种耐热性进行了比较,并结合芽期和成苗试验,综合评价了各品种的耐热性强弱。结果表明：发芽率、发芽指数随温度的升高而降低,在40 ℃时种子不发芽;叶片灼伤率、植株存活率和叶片相对含水量在各品种之间差异较大。对耐热性综合评价表明,18个品种中特特里红三叶属强耐热品种;新西兰白三叶耐热性较强;海法白三叶、胡依阿白三叶、G18白三叶、戈伦红三叶、雷托白三叶、巴东红三叶、帕韦拉红三叶、鄂牧1号白三叶、罗汤地红三叶、新西兰杂三叶、2-2-1杂三叶为中等耐热品种;克劳白三叶、皮陶白三叶、奥罗拉杂三叶和蒂特拉杂三叶品种耐热性较弱,耐热性最弱的是路易斯安娜白三叶。建议在长江流域及长江以南地区选择耐热性较强的几个品种进行推广示范。     

高校教师绩效评估的误区及对策

绩效评估作为管理的核心内容之一．无论对组织还是个人均具有重要作用。目前高校的绩效评估,普遍存在效果论的评估依据、奖惩性的评估目的、与学校发展战略脱节的评估标准、科学主义的评估方式、单一平面的评估途径等认识或操作上的误区,使绩效评估效果受到影响,绩效工作也遭受一阶疑。因此,厘清绩效评估工作中的误区,提高对绩效评估的认识,建立符合组织发展战略目标的考核体系,做到定量与定性结合,采取学校、学院、教研室等多种途径测评、结果与过程并重的绩效评价方式,发挥绩效评估的积极作用,有利于高校战略目标的实现。     

RELEVANCE OF A RAPID APPRAISAL APPROACH TO IDENTIFY LOCALLY AVAILABLE FEED INGREDIENTS TO SMALL-SCALE NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus L.) AQUACULTURE

Applications of a rapid appraisal approach to identify locally available feed ingredients in feed formulation, production, and socio-economics of Nile tilapia aquaculture in Bangladesh are discussed. Three diets of 35%, 30%, and 25% crude protein were formulated using locally available ingredients, and their essential amino acid profiles were assessed for Nile tilapia. Six production scenarios were constructed using these diets and two culture periods of 100 and 150 days were considered. The production scenarios with 35% protein yielded the highest productivity and profitability over the 150-day culture period followed by the 30% protein scenario. Identification of locally available ingredients and their application in small-scale Nile tilapia aquaculture may lead to: (1) increased availability of inexpensive sources of fish production for poor people; (2) increased fish consumption; (3) increased self employment and involvement of women in productive activities; and (4) increased household income to reduce poverty.     

Promotion of Private Veterinary Practice in Ghana: Perceptions of Veterinarians and Veterinary Technicians

A study was designed to identify factors perceived by veterinarians and veterinary technicians as likely to promote private veterinary practice in Ghana. The participatory appraisal approach was used. The response rates were 88% (n = 90), 100% (n = 9) and 86% (n = 200) for government field veterinarians, private veterinarians and government veterinary technicians, respectively. Significant proportions of government field veterinarians (67%, n = 79), and veterinary technicians (64%, n = 167) were willing to go into private practice if the necessary push was given. Factors perceived as likely to motivate them to go into private practice included availability of capital to cover start-up costs; provision of a vehicle; prospect of higher income; availability of loans with low interest rates; availability of credit facilities from suppliers; stable macroeconomic environment with low interest and inflation rates; high pet, poultry and livestock populations at locations earmarked for private practice; leasing of vacant government premises for use as clinic and for accommodation; and enforcement of legislation on private practice, especially that against moonlighting by government veterinarians and technicians. These should be considered and used in the promotion of private veterinary practice in Ghana.     

基于变权云模型的灯泡贯流式水轮机状态评估方法

为了对灯泡贯流式水轮机的运行状态做出客观评价,基于云模型提出了灯泡贯流式水轮机状态评估的多重指标体系,并建立了部件级-设备级的多层灯泡贯流式水轮机综合评估模型.通过引入云理论直接得到各指标对贯流式水轮机各状态等级的隶属度,从而列举出每个设备的隶属度矩阵,并结合变权理论来确定各指标的组合权重,再由加权平均算子转化为对应的评分,即得到了灯泡贯流式机组的运行健康状态.结合实例研究发现,此方法简单易行,可操作性强,在水轮机部件级评估方面较传统方法更加准确,为灯泡贯流式水轮机状态检修工作提供了新的途径.