新疆超高产棉花叶、铃空间分布及与群体光合生产的关系

【目的】研究超高产棉花冠层叶面积分布、叶倾角、主茎节间长度等指标的变化,探讨叶片空间配置对冠层结构的影响及与群体光合生产的关系,揭示超高产形成的机理。【方法】定向培育棉花超高产田,系统测定高产棉花不同生育时期叶面积指数、叶倾角、主茎节间长度等指标的空间分布,分析冠层结构变化对群体光合速率的影响及与棉铃空间分布的关系。【结果】单产皮棉4 000 kg•hm-2超高产棉花吐絮前株高72.3-87.7 cm,主茎平均节间长度为7.15-7.20 cm,中上部节间较长;盛花期至盛铃后期叶面积指数在冠层上、中、下3层的分布比例为1﹕1﹕1,上部叶片的叶倾角为48.8-53.8、中部41.0-49.3、下部30.1-40.1,叶片群体光合速率上、中、下层的分布比例为1.5﹕1.5﹕1;至吐絮期,冠层上部的叶面积指数维持在0.95-1.76,叶片群体光合速率为8.1-13.2 μmol•m-2•s-1,占叶片总群体光合速率的45.9%-59.8%;植株上、中、下部结铃数的比例为1.8﹕1.2﹕1,冠层上层铃数较多,铃库所占比例大。【结论】超高产棉花形成的生理基础在于,盛花期至盛铃后期主茎中上部节间长,叶层间隙及叶倾角大,中下部叶面积指数分布比例高,叶片群体光合速率高且在冠层垂直方向呈均匀分布;吐絮期上层叶面积指数和叶片群体光合速率下降缓慢,棉铃空间分布与叶片群体光合速率的空间分布相吻合,叶铃关系协调。     

DSC法研究水分含量对低分子量MUF树脂固化特性的影响

  目的  探究水分含量对低分子量三聚氰胺脲醛（MUF）树脂溶液固化特性的影响,为阐明树脂浸渍材在不同干燥阶段、不同空间层位中的树脂固化特性提供数据支撑。  方法  以实验室自制的MUF树脂溶液为研究对象,将其稀释成20%、30%、40%、50%后进行升温差示扫描量热测试（DSC）,通过外推法消除升温速率对峰顶温度的影响,拟合求解其最佳固化温度,定性阐述水分含量对MUF树脂固化特性的影响,并运用Kissinger微分法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa积分法计算20%、30%、40%、50%树脂溶液固化反应的表观活化能,定量分析水分对树脂固化特性的影响。  结果  随着MUF树脂溶液质量分数的降低,DSC曲线中峰顶温度整体上呈现向高温方向偏移的趋势,但是在升温速率15和20 ℃/min条件下,20%树脂溶液DSC曲线的峰顶温度峰位置向低温区域发生了偏移;通过外推法得到的20%、30%、40%、50% MUF树脂溶液的最佳固化温度分别为93.99、90.71、85.46和79.71 ℃;运用Kissinger微分法计算得到其表观活化能分别为92.94、82.37、65.93和50.68 kJ/mol,其结果与Flynn-Wall-Ozawa积分法验算结果相近。  结论  整体上,消除升温速率的影响后,水分对树脂固化反应起阻碍作用,并且水分越多,阻碍效应越明显;但在较高升温速率（15和20 ℃/min）条件下,20%MUF树脂溶液的DSC测试结果表明水分促进树脂固化反应,这可能是由分子运动加剧造成的。      

多重线性回归法测定猪内源磷排泄量及饲料磷真消化率的研究

本研究旨在采用多重线性回归法测定生长猪内源磷排泄量及高粱和豆粕中磷的真消化率。试验选用6头健康大白×长白阉公猪为消化试验动物,平均体重为(23.6±1.23)kg。采用6×6拉丁方设计,设6个磷水平(0.08%、0.15%、0.23%、0.30%、0.38%、0.53%),以豆粕、葡萄糖、玉米淀粉等为基础,以高粱和豆粕为磷唯一来源,配制半纯合试验饲粮。饲粮中添加0.35%Cr2O3作为外源指示剂。试验分6个试验期,每期8d,其中6d适应期,2d收粪期。饲粮中磷表观消化率受饲粮中磷水平的影响(P<0.05),并随饲粮中磷水平的提高由14.88%增大至34.88%。在以g/kgDMI为计量单位条件下,生长猪粪磷的排出量与饲粮磷的摄入量呈线性关系(P=0.0001)。结果表明,多重线性回归法可用于生长猪内源磷排泄量和植物性饲料磷真消化率的测定;以豆粕-高粱型模型饲粮测定出生长猪内源磷排泄量为0.2940g/kgDMI,高粱中磷的真消化率为56.05%,豆粕中磷的真消化率为39.41%。     

用绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定饲料过瘤胃淀粉小肠消化率方法的研究

本试验旨在以玉米为样本筛选用绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定精饲料瘤胃非降解残渣淀粉小肠消化率的最佳培养条件。分别研究了小肠液冻干粉用量(0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6g)对16h玉米瘤胃非降解残渣干物质和淀粉小肠消化率的影响;离体培养时间(4、8、12、16、20和24h)对16h玉米瘤胃非降解残渣干物质和淀粉小肠消化率的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定玉米瘤胃非降解残渣淀粉小肠消化率的最佳用量为0.45g小肠液冻干粉/0.56g玉米瘤胃非降解残渣,最佳培养时间为12h。利用绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定常用饲料过瘤胃残渣淀粉小肠消化率的方法是可行的。     

肉牛不同生长阶段日粮营养物质表观消化率的比较

[目的] 比较不同生长阶段肉牛日粮营养物质表观消化率和日增重,为肉牛养殖日粮配合提供参考。[方法] 按月龄和体重随机选择两组西门塔尔杂交牛,12~15月龄、体重250~300 kg为小体重组,15~18月龄、体重350~500 kg为大体重组,每组10头。日粮根据肉牛体重变化调整,正式试验期分为试验前期和试验后期。以不溶盐酸灰分（AIA）作为内源指示剂,利用点收粪法测定日粮营养物质表观消化率。[结果] 小体重组肉牛在整个试验期的总增重和平均日增重与大体重组肉牛差异显著（P<0.05）;试验前期,小体重组肉牛日粮有机物（OM）、粗蛋白质（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、淀粉和能量的表观可消化量与大体重组肉牛差异显著（P<0.05）,而OM、CP、NDF、ADF、淀粉和能量的表观消化率与大体重组肉牛无显著（P>0.05）差异。[结论] 在试验日粮组成条件下,选取的2个饲养阶段肉牛日粮的营养物质表观消化率没有明显差异,可消化营养物质进食量的增加可提高日增重。     

酵母细胞壁多糖与铝硅酸盐复合物对猪生长性能、免疫指标及养分消化率的影响

本研究旨在探讨酵母细胞壁多糖(yeast polysaccharide,YP)与铝硅酸盐复合物(alumi-nosilicate complex,AC)对猪的生长性能、免疫指标及养分消化率的影响。试验选用平均体重为(66.18±1.26)kg的"杜×长×大"三元杂交猪140头,随机分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复7头猪。各组分别饲喂添加不同剂量复合物的试验饲粮,A组为对照组,不添加复合物;B组添加0.1%YP;C组添加0.1%YP和0.9%AC;D组添加0.1%YP和1.9%AC;E组添加0.1%YP和2.9%AC。试验期51 d。结果表明:1)D、E组平均日增重显著低于对照组(P<0.05),各组平均日采食量和料重比差异不显著(P>0.05);2)与对照组相比,D组血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及补体3(C3)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)水平显著提高(P<0.05),血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和补体4(C4)水平无显著差异(P>0.05);3)各组养分消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可见,YP和AC复合使用降低了育肥猪的生长性能,0.1%YP和1.9%AC同时添加可增强生长猪的免疫功能。     

Effects of Oxygen Supplementation on Lake Trout Brood Stock

This study was conducted to determine the effects of oxygen supplementation and nitrogen supersaturation on the fecundity and performance of Lewis Lake strain lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, brood stock. Performance of brood fish held in water supersaturated with oxygen was compared to that of controls raised at or below 100% saturation for 334 days. Incoming water averaged 78.4% saturation in the morning; the addition of oxygen increased saturation to 104.6%. As a result, average morning nitrogen saturation was reduced from 105.7% to 100.9%. In oxygen-supplemented water, peak daily oxygen saturation averged 129.0% in the afternoon. At this saturation level, average nitrogen gas was reduced to 98.4% saturation. Total gas pressure never exceeded 109.1% with oxygen supplementation; however, nitrogen supersaturation reached 110% in raceways with no oxygen supplementation. Weight gain, feed conversion, egg survival, egg size, and number of eggs per female were not affected by increasing oxygen saturation.     

高粱在畜禽日粮中的应用研究

高粱的抗旱性强，比玉米的生长环境条件更宽广。随着玉米、小麦等能量原料价格的高涨，为了降低成本，提高产品竞争力，很多大型饲料企业开始从国外进口高粱。然而，由于高粱中含有丹宁，与玉米相比，用高梁作为饲料原料降低了非反刍动物对能量和其它养分的消化利用率。文章就目前高粱在非反刍动物营养中的研究应用进行了总结。     

Evaluation of the Feeding Value of Palm Press Fibre Using In Vitro Digestibility Techniques

Palm press fibre (PPF) was obtained from two sources, a small-scale oil palm processing unit and a large-scale factory processing unit, and its chemical composition was determined. In vitro digestibility techniques were used to assess the feeding value of untreated, defatted and sodium hydroxide-treated PPF. For the NaOH treatment, 0.5 g oven-dried PPF was treated for 24 h with 5% NaOH in three ways: treated and not washed (NaNW); treated and washed (NaW); and treated after milling (NAD).The results indicate that, on a dry matter basis, PPF is low in nitrogen (12–13 g/kg), moisture (37–90 g/kg) and ash (53–62 g/kg), but high in ether extract (269–355 g/kg), neutral detergent fibre (532–768 g/kg), acid detergent fibre (375–548 g/kg) and lignin (219 g/kg). The in vitro dry matter digestibility values were low for the samples from both sources, but the large-scale factory-processed PPF had higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (0.215 vs 0.166) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (0.196 vs 0.145). Defatting the PPF and treating it with 5% NaOH solution significantly (p<0.01) improved both the dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Washing the NaOH-treated PPF resulted in a higher digestibility of dry matter as against NaNW or NAD. These results suggest that defatting and treatment with 5% NaOH would improve the feeding value of PPF.     

The Effect of Supplementation with Fresh Browse of Ziziphus mauritiana or Combretum aculeatum on Feed Intake,Nitrogen Utilization and Growth of Grazing Range Sheep

The influence of 0, 60 or 120 min access to a grove of either Ziziphus mauritiana (Ziziphus) or Combretum aculeatum (Combretum) on forage intake and on the digestibility, growth and excretion of nutrients was determined using 40 Oudah rams grazing for 7 h/day on poor-quality dry season pasture in the Sahel. The effects of browse species and browsing duration (0, 30, 60 or 120 min) on the ruminal ammonia content were also evaluated using 8 mature fistulated rams. Ziziphus increased both total digestible organic matter and total dry matter intakes per (kg live weight)^0.75 without decreasing herbage intake, whereas 60 or 120 min access to Combretum reduced herbage intake by 6.3% and 4.2%, respectively. The digestibility of the diet decreased (p<0.05) with the duration of access to the groves. Despite the provision of more nitrogen (N) than in the control diet, ruminal NH₃-N decreased 24 h after browsing commenced. The reduced live weight gain of sheep browsing Combretum may indicate more deleterious compounds in Combretum than in Ziziphus. Ziziphus appears to have more potential than Combretum to increase sheep production in low-input crop/livestock systems.