毛壳菌生物防治机制研究进展

毛壳菌应用于生物防治,具有安全、高效、低毒的优点。介绍了毛壳菌的生物防治机理,包括产生具有抗菌性能的代谢产物、产生细胞壁降解酶、菌寄生、菌竞争和诱发植物防卫反应物5种类型,最后,展望了毛壳菌在生物防治领域的应用前景。     

低分子量骨胶原肽酶解制备工艺优化和特性分析

酶解工艺参数不仅会影响畜禽骨蛋白的酶解效率,而且会改变骨胶原肽产物的肽分子量分布、氨基酸组成和微结构性能,从而影响其高值高效化利用。以制备均一性低分子量骨胶原肽为目的,以牛骨粉为研究对象,以水解度为主要评价指标,考察碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶对牛骨粉的酶解效果,探究双酶分步酶解工艺、脂肪酶预处理的单独与组合应用对酶解效果的提升作用,选定最优的低分子量骨胶原肽制备工艺;结合酶解过程中各项指标的变化、产物表征分析和Person相关系数法分析不同复合酶解工艺对产物特性的影响及作用机制。研究发现：经脂肪酶预处理-碱性蛋白酶-复合蛋白酶酶解工艺制备的骨胶原肽产物具有最佳的理化性质,优化的工艺参数为：底物质量浓度为0.09 g/mL、初始pH值7.5的牛骨粉溶液加入碱性脂肪酶（加酶量0.08%）在40℃下反应4 h,再加入碱性蛋白酶（加酶量0.36 U/g）在60℃下反应5 h后,最后加入复合蛋白酶（加酶量0.36 U/g）在55℃下反应5 h,此时,水解度可达16.12%,总游离氨基酸含量可达171.571 mg/g,其M_w、M_w/...     

Extension of shelf life of tuberose flowers using a combination of gamma irradiation and generally regarded as safe (GRAS) preservatives and assessment of antimicrobial potency of senesced flowers

Tuberose cut flowers, available as loose flowers, were treated with gamma (γ) irradiation and generally regarded as safe (GRAS) preservative solutions for extension of shelf life. The flowers were packaged in low-density polyethylene bags, heat sealed and stored at 23 ± 2°C, 80% relative humidity (RH) and 4 ± 1°C, 40% RH, respectively. The flowers stored at these two temperature regimes were subjected to sensory evaluation and biochemical analyses. From these assessments, the longest shelf life of tuberose flowers was found to be 8 days at 23 ± 2°C, 80% RH (compared to 4 days for control) and 24 days at 4 ± 1°C, 40% RH (compared to 8 days for control) using combination treatment of low dose γ-irradiation (0.02 kGy) and preservative solutions (4% sucrose and 0.02% CaCl₂). Ethanolic extract of tuberose flowers of the most shelf stable set (stored at 4 ± 1°C), i.e. at the end of 24 days, showed antimicrobial potency against the common skin pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923 and MDR strains), suggesting utility of the senesced tuberose flowers for therapeutic applications. This preservation technique would promote export of tuberose flowers by extension of their shelf lives and allow utilization of these flowers, post senescence.     

牛角瓜根的抑菌活性研究

以牛角瓜根为实验材料,采用索氏提取法,以4种不同溶剂(石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、甲醇)对牛角瓜的根进行提取,并采用纸片琼脂扩散法对粗提物的抑菌活性进行了评价,供试菌包括白色念珠菌等6种真菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等7种细菌。结果表明:石油醚粗提物对枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉菌、大肠埃希氏菌都表现出良好的抑菌活性,且抑菌效果接近或优于阳性对照氟康唑,对尖孢镰刀菌和鲍曼不动杆菌也表现出良好的抑菌活性;氯仿粗提物对白色念珠菌及粪链球菌表现出良好的抑菌活性;乙酸乙酯粗提物对粪链球菌表现出最好的抑菌活性;甲醇粗提物的抑菌活性较弱。     

玉米抗氧化肽制备及其对血管紧张素转化酶的抑制作用

以玉米蛋白粉为原料,采用微波预处理协同碱性蛋白酶水解制备抗氧化肽,并研究其对血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)的抑制效果。通过单因素试验,确定出最佳的微波预处理条件为:微波功率400 W、微波时间2.0 min,通过中心组合设计及响应面分析确定了最佳水解条件为:碱性蛋白酶添加量9 000 U/g、酶解时间2.5 h、酶解温度45℃、酶解p H 8.9,在此条件下,玉米蛋白粉平均水解度为14.13%,同时得到的玉米抗氧化肽对ACE有一定的抑制作用,其半抑制浓度(IC50)为4.99 mg/m L。     

甜橙精油分子蒸馏组分的成分分析及其抗菌活性研究

应用分子蒸馏技术加工冷压甜橙精油,分离得到轻相与重相两个组分,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析其化学成分,鉴定出甜橙精油轻相组分中含22种化合物,重相组分中含40种化合物。抑菌试验结果表明,甜橙精油轻相和重相组分对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌均具有较好的抑菌效果,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)范围为0.78~3.125μL/m L。抑菌活性受不同p H和温度条件的影响,酸性环境下轻相组分的抑菌效果较好,碱性环境下重相组分的抑菌活性更强。在高温处理下,轻相组分对细菌的抑菌效果具有较好的热稳定性,重相组分的抑菌效果有所减弱。     

细胞穿透肽介导的小黑麦小孢子遗传转化研究

本研究选用小黑麦小孢子作为供试材料,进行细胞穿透肽介导的植物单倍体细胞遗传转化可行性研究。提取单核靠边期的小黑麦小孢子进行悬浮培养,将细胞穿透肽与报告基因GFP的表达框复合物对小孢子进行转化。转化植株进行了PCR分子检测,并在荧光体视显微镜下观察外源GFP基因的表达情况。共获得21株候选转基因植株,其中染色体自然加倍植株为10株。T1代加倍植株的PCR检测结果显示,加倍的转基因株系中有3个株系的PCR检测结果呈阳性。通过荧光体视显微镜可在转基因植株的幼胚部位观测到GFP蛋白的荧光。以上结果表明外源GFP基因已经整合到小黑麦基因组上并且得到表达并稳定遗传。因此,由细胞穿透肽介导的植物单细胞转化是一种有效、可行的植物单细胞转基因方法。     

小肽对大黄鱼仔鱼生长和小肠发育的影响及其在低温胁迫下的抗氧化应激效应

本试验分为生长试验和低温胁迫试验2部分.先分别投喂大黄鱼(Larimichthys cro-cea)仔鱼经不同浓度(0、0.5、1.0、2.0和3.0 mL/m3)小肽营养强化后的轮虫和卤虫12 d,以探讨小肽对大黄鱼仔鱼生长和小肠发育的影响;再将大黄鱼仔鱼暴露在温度为12℃的水体中24 h,以探讨小肽对低温胁迫下大黄...     

Regression tree analysis of the relationship between the concentrations of antimicrobial components and the microbiota of normal milk from dairy cows

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of antimicrobial components (immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin (LF), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), and S100A7) in normal milk and their relation to host factors (Age, somatic cell count (SCC), days in milk, richness, and alpha diversity of the milk microbiota) in dairy cows using multivariate regression tree analyses, and to clarify how the milk microbiota is related to the obtained results. Thirty normal milk samples were collected from a commercial dairy farm in June 2020. The thresholds that predicted the concentration of each antimicrobial component in milk were obtained by regression tree analysis, and the beta-diversity of the milk microbiota composition between groups divided according to each threshold was compared by an analysis of similarities test. The IgA and LF concentrations were mainly predicted by the SCC (177,500 and 70,000 cells/ml, respectively), and the LAP and S100A7 concentrations were predicted by Age (29.667 and 40.3 months, respectively). No relationship was observed between the concentration of IgA, LAP, or S100A7 and the milk microbiota composition between the groups divided by the threshold for prediction, but the milk microbiota composition was significantly different between the groups divided by the threshold for predicting the LF concentration. Our results indicated that the LF concentration in normal milk may be associated with the milk microbiota composition.     

包装顶空气氛和相对湿度对葡萄常温货架期和品质的影响

为分析气调透湿袋和多效抗菌纸对葡萄在常温下的保鲜效果,在室温条件(26℃和相对湿度(RH)70%)下使用PE保鲜袋(PE袋)、自制的透湿性薄膜袋(A袋)以及A袋内加入自制的乙烯吸附复合抗菌纸(A-P)3种被动气调(MA)保鲜方案,并研究包装顶空气氛、顶空相对湿度以及乙烯吸附纸对‘巨峰’葡萄采后贮藏品质的影响。结果表明：A-P组建立的气调气氛(11.5%CO₂、14.5%O₂和RH78%)下‘巨峰’葡萄的果梗褐变率、落粒率和霉变率均最低,可滴定酸含量和可溶性固形物含量水平较高;A袋的顶空气氛(9.17%O₂、25.4%CO₂)抑制葡萄的褐变及霉变较为理想,但是由于相对湿度较高导致落粒;PE袋中较高O₂(18.5%)和较低CO₂(2.2%),特别是高湿度(RH 99%)环境导致葡萄大量霉变与褐变,货架期仅3 d,裸放的CK组3 d时产生大量褐变,失去商业价值。综上,自制抗菌纸与透湿性薄膜的组合有利于葡萄的常温贮藏,延长货架期。A-P包装为葡萄的常温保鲜提供了新...