Comparative Phenotypic and Genotypic Analyses of Salmonella Rissen that Originated from Food Animals in Thailand and United States

Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen has been recognized as one of the most common serovar among humans and pork production systems in different parts of the world, especially Asia. In the United States, this serovar caused outbreaks but its epidemiologic significance remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to compare the phenotypic (antimicrobial susceptibility) and genotypic attributes of Salmonella Rissen isolated in Thailand (Thai) and the United States (US). All the Thai isolates (n = 30) were recovered from swine faecal samples. The US isolates (n = 35) were recovered from swine faecal samples (n = 29), cattle (n = 2), chicken (n = 2), dog (n = 1) and a ready‐to‐eat product (n = 1). The antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was determined using the Kirby‐Bauer disk diffusion method with a panel of 12 antimicrobials. Pulse‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine the genotypic diversity of isolates. All Thai isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) with the most frequent antibiotic resistance shown against ampicillin (100%), sulfisoxazole (96.7%), tetracycline (93.3%), streptomycin (90%) and chloramphenicol (30%). About half of the isolates of USA origin were pan‐susceptible and roughly 30% were resistant to only tetracycline (R‐type: Te). Salmonella Rissen isolated from Thailand and the USA in this study were found to be clonally unrelated. Genotypic analyses indicated that isolates were clustered primarily based on the geographic origin implying the limited clonality among the strains. Clonal relatedness among different host species within the same geography (USA) was found. We found genotypic similarity in Thai and US isolates in few instances but with no epidemiological link. Further studies to assess propensity for increased inter‐regional transmission and dissemination is warranted.     

盐水鸭加工过程中滋味成分变化研究

该文采用高效液相色谱和氨基酸自动分析仪研究了盐水鸭加工过程中的滋味成分变化.盐水鸭加工过程中大部分小肽含量具有减少的趋势.在煮制前的加工中,游离氨基酸含量增加而风味核苷酸含量减少,煮制过程中两者的含量均显著减少.干腌后鸭肉含盐量最高,但经其后工序加工后含量降为适宜食用的3%左右.重要的滋味成分盐水鸭含量均高于对照鸭肉.风味核苷酸和鲜味氨基酸对盐水鸭的滋味具有重要贡献.盐水鸭加工过程中复卤工艺对鸭肉滋味成分作用显著,是构成盐水鸭美味的原因之一.     

猪源绿脓杆菌的分离鉴定及16S rRNA基因同源性分析

从解剖病变为心包炎、纤维素性肺炎、肺脓肿的病死仔猪体内分离到1株细菌,通过形态特征观察、生化试验,将分离菌株初步鉴定为绿脓杆菌。动物致病性试验结果显示,分离菌株对小鼠具有很强的致病性。药敏试验结果显示,分离菌株对氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星高度敏感,对头孢噻肟、庆大霉素中度敏感,对青霉素、氟苯尼考、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、强力霉素、卡那霉素等耐药。将分离菌株的16S rRNA基因序列与Gen Bank中发表的绿脓杆菌序列进行Blast比对,结果表明,分离菌株与绿脓杆菌不同菌株的同源性高达99%以上,进一步确定分离菌株为绿脓杆菌。基于16S rRNA基因序列,使用MEGA 5.05软件,构建系统进化树,结果表明,分离菌株与病人痰液和腹泻婴儿分离菌株的同源性最高,与未加工水果分离菌株同源性最低。     

Clonal Spread of Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis in Serbia: Acquisition of Mutations in the Topoisomerase Genes gyrA and parC Leads to Increased Resistance to Fluoroquinolones

Quinolone‐resistant Salmonella Infantis (n = 64) isolated from human stool samples, food and poultry during the years 2006–2011 were analysed for their resistance phenotypes, macrorestriction patterns and molecular mechanisms of decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of nalidixic acid (NAL) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) were determined by the agar dilution procedure, and the susceptibility to additional antimicrobial agents was determined by the disc diffusion method. To assess the influence of enhanced efflux activity, MICs were determined in the presence and absence of the inhibitor PAβN. The results of pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing revealed that quinolone‐resistant S. Infantis in Serbia had similar or indistinguishable PFGE profiles, suggesting a clonal spread. All S. Infantis showed combined resistance to NAL and tetracycline, whereas multiple drug resistance to three or more antibiotic classes was rare (2 isolates of human origin). The MICs ranged between 512 and 1024 μg/mL for NAL and 0.125–2 μg/mL for CIP. A single‐point mutation in the gene gyrA leading to a Ser83→Tyr exchange was detected in all isolates, and a second exchange (Ser80→Arg) in the gene parC was only present in eight S. Infantis isolates exhibiting slightly higher MICs of CIP (2 μg/mL). The inhibitor PAβN decreased the MIC values of CIP by two dilution steps and of NAL by at minimum 3–6 dilution steps, indicating that enhanced efflux plays an important role in quinolone resistance in these isolates. The plasmid‐mediated genes qnr, aac(6′)‐lb‐cr and qepA were not detected by PCR assays.     

I型小肽载体的结构及活性调控研究进展

本文综述了I型小肽载体的结构特征及影响其活性的调控因素。     

凉州区奶牛乳房炎主要病原分离鉴定及药敏试验

乳房炎是奶牛最常见的疾病,随着奶牛产业的蓬勃发展,乳房炎已经成为制约该产业的瓶颈之一。从甘肃省武威市凉州区5个奶牛养殖场采集了1 000头荷斯坦奶牛共计3 991份奶样,对临床型和非临床型(隐性)乳房炎分别通过临床症状和兰州隐性乳房炎诊断液(LMT)进行诊断。结果显示:该地区奶牛临床型乳房炎发病率18.20%,亚临床型乳房炎发病率36.50%,总阳性率54.70%,总阳性乳区率54.72%。从阳性奶样中分离纯化得到的主要病原菌为链球菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌,且在不同类型乳房炎中的分布情况不同,临床型中链球菌属最多(54.37%),亚临床型中金黄色葡萄球菌最多(48.56%)。对主要病原菌进行药敏试验,结果表明治疗凉州区奶牛乳房炎的最佳药物应为喹诺酮类和庆大霉素类。     

Evaluation of treatment and prophylaxis with nitrofurans and comparison with alternative antimicrobial agents in experimental Salmonella enterica Serovar enteritidis infection in chicks

The ability of the nitrofuran antimicrobial agents furazolidone and furaltadone to prevent, reduce or eliminate Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis PT4 infection in artificially challenged day-old chicks was evaluated. Treating the birds with the nitrofurans failed to eliminate established infections with either furazolidone-resistant (Fz^R) or furazolidone-sensitive (Fz^S) strains. Simultaneous administration of the nitrofurans to day-old chicks challenged with Fz^S failed to prevent infection but reduced colonization significantly (p<0.05) compared to unmedicated controls. No reduction of colonization occurred with Fz^R. Challenging birds with Fz^S and simultaneous dosing with nitrofurans for 1 week, followed by a second week of continued treatment, resulted in an increase in the level of colonization in the second week rather than a decrease. Dosing with the nitrofurans (200 ppm) for 1 week prior to challenge with Fz and continued medication for a further week prevented colonization of the caecum, liver and spleen. However, cessation of dosing at the time of challenge with salmonella resulted in colonization. Chloramphenicol and tetracycline at concentrations of 200 ppm were both independently capable of preventing colonization by salmonella. Sulphadiazine initially reduced colonization but failed to eliminate the infection. Only when furazolidone was combined with chloramphenicol or when sulphadiazine was combined with trimethoprim, and the combined drugs were administered concurrently with the challenge, was colonization prevented.     

一株从酸菜中分离的产细菌素乳杆菌的鉴定及其所产抑菌物质的研究

从酸菜汁中分离出一株有抑菌活性的菌株,经鉴定为乳杆菌A5。温度、pH对菌株发酵上清液的影响以及发酵上清液对酶的敏感性的研究表明,发酵上清液中的抑菌物质对胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶较敏感,说明抑菌物质是一种蛋白质,确定为细菌素。该细菌素具有良好的热稳定性,在121℃20min的高温条件下,仍具有较强的抑菌活性。菌株所产细菌素在酸性条件下有较强的抑菌活性(pH3.0～5.0);菌株产生的细菌素可以较好地抑制革兰氏阳性、阴性菌,表明菌株所产细菌素是一类具有广谱抑菌活性的细菌素。     

哺乳动物上皮细胞抗菌肽分离纯化技术研究进展

抗菌肽是在动植物体内发现的氨基酸数目少于100个的一类多肽,是哺乳动物防御体系的一个重要组成部分,具有分子质量小、对热稳定、水溶性好、广谱抗菌和作用机制独特等特点。文章主要综述了几种哺乳动物上皮细胞抗菌肽的分离纯化技术研究概况。