温度和pH值对卡拉白鱼消化组织淀粉酶活性的影响

采用酶学分析方法,研究了不同温度和pH值对卡拉白鱼消化组织淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明,在设定的温度和pH值范围内,各消化组织内淀粉酶的活力均随着温度和pH值的升高呈现先升后降的趋势;温度和pH值对卡拉白鱼消化组织内淀粉酶活性的影响较大（P〈0．05）,肝胰脏、前肠、中肠与后肠中淀粉酶活性的最适温度均为40℃;肝胰脏、前肠、中肠与后肠淀粉酶的最适pH值分别为7．4、7．4、7．0和7．8。     

饲料蛋白质水平对克氏原螯虾幼体消化酶活性和肌肉成分的影响

用4种等能不同质量分数的蛋白质饲料(30%、35%、40%和45%)饲喂克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii Girard)幼虾(5.46 g±0.51 g )28 d后,分析不同蛋白水平的饲料对克氏原螯虾幼虾肠道和肝胰脏消化酶活性和体成分的影响.结果表明:(1)饲料蛋白质浓度对脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性均有显著性影响(P<0.05);并随着饲料蛋白水平的提高,两酶活性都呈现先升高后降低的趋势.其中肠道蛋白酶和肝胰脏蛋白酶活性分别在饲料蛋白质浓度为40%和35%时最高;肠道和肝胰脏脂肪酶活性均在饲料蛋白质浓度为40%时最高,且各饲料组肝胰脏脂肪酶活性差异显著(P<0.05),而35%组和40%组之间的肠道脂肪酶活性无显著性差异(P>0.05).克氏原螯虾幼体的肠道和肝胰脏淀粉酶活性随饲料蛋白质水平的升高均呈波浪式变化;35%组与45%组之间的肠道淀粉酶活性和30%与45%组之间的肝胰脏淀粉酶活性均无显著性差异(P>0.05).(2)随着饲料中蛋白水平的升高,克氏原螯虾肌肉中蛋白质含量只有45%组显著升高(P<0.05),其他饲料组肌肉蛋白含量虽有上升趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05).随着饲料蛋白浓度的增加,肌肉中脂肪含量反而下降,除30%组外,各组间差异显著(P<0.05).对克氏原螯虾肌肉灰分的测定表明,饲料蛋白浓度对肌肉中灰分含量的影响不显著(P>0.05).     

Hydrolytic Enzyme Inhibitors and Necrotic Reactions in Potato Leaves Reduce Reproductive Success of Colorado Potato Beetle

In field and laboratory conditions the reproductive potential （survival at different stages of development） of the Colorado potato beetle has been measured, the dependence of the parameters of insects fertility on varietal features of the feed has been investigated, the food activity of the representatives of insects from four areas of the Southern Urals has been measured, the intensity and time of hypersensitivity reactions on potato leaves has been defined. In laboratory experiments, the level of activity of hydrolytic enzymes in insects and the level of activity of these enzymes inhibitors in the leaves of three potato varieties differing in their resistance to the Colorado potato beetle have been determined. The results show that the insects-representatives of different samples have different food activity in relation to different potato varieties. High mortality rates were revealed at feeding with leaves of potato of the Bashkir variety characterized by a high level of hydrolases inhibitors and relatively rapid development of necrotic reactions after the appearance of eggs laying on the leaves. We suppose that the neerogenetic barrier appearing in the form of necrosis is the major cause of the fetal mortality of insects. The level of the content of inhibitors inactivating larvae digestive enzymes affects the survival of insects at postembryonic stages. The speed of the necrosis emergence, the level of activity of digestive enzymes inhibitors in potato can be considered as criteria for the selection of breeding material for resistance to the Colorado potato beetle.     

pH对唇消化组织消化酶活性的影响

采用酶学分析方法,研究了不同pH值对卡拉白鱼肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠内蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性的影响。结果表明,在pH值设定范围内,蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶最适pH值范围分别为7.0～7.8、7.2～7.6、6.6～7.6。前肠是唇进行蛋白质消化的主要场所,中肠的淀粉酶活力最高,肝胰脏的脂肪酶活力最强。     

甘薯微孔淀粉的制备技术及吸附性能的研究

用淀粉糖化酶、α-淀粉酶、普鲁兰酶水解甘薯淀粉制备一种具有吸附功能的微孔淀粉载体。研究表明,淀粉糖化酶对生甘薯淀粉作用力最强;淀粉糖化酶水解制备甘薯微孔淀粉的最佳工艺条件是：温度45℃,pH值4,酶用量为1％,时间24h,水解率为51．52%。微孔淀粉对色素、水溶性维生素、油脂的吸附能力远远高于原淀粉。通过交联反应能明显提高微孔淀粉的结构性能和吸附性能。     

2个低直链淀粉含量籼稻突变体的遗传分析

对2个空间诱变低直链淀粉含量籼稻突变体XLA-1和XLA-2进行了遗传分析和分子生物学研究.结果表明:XLA-1低直链淀粉遗传特性受2对隐性基因控制,这2对基因具有连锁关系和互补作用,任何1对基因隐性纯合都将导致直链淀粉含量降低;XLA-2低直链淀粉遗传特性受1对隐性主效基因控制,该基因可能为Wx的等位基因,同时受微效基因的修饰.XLA-1和XLA-2蜡质基因(CT)n微卫星多态性与糯稻相同,但其直链淀粉质量分数分别为14.42%和11.59%,说明除Wx基因外确实还有其他影响直链淀粉含量的遗传因素,这与遗传分析结果相符.     

Effects of maternal protein supplementation and inclusion of rumen‐protected fat in the finishing diet on nutrient digestibility and expression of intestinal genes in Nellore steers

The study aimed to evaluate nutrient digestibility and intestine gene expression in the progeny from cows supplemented during gestation and fed diets with or without rumen‐protected fat (RPF) in the feedlot. Forty‐eight Nellore steers, averaging 340 kg, were housed in individual pens and allotted in a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (dams nutrition × RPF). Cows' supplementation started after 124 ± 21 days of gestation. The feedlot lasted 135 days and diets had the inclusion of zero or 6% of RPF. Digestibility was evaluated by total feces collection. Steers were slaughtered using the concussion technique and samples of pancreas and small intestine were collected immediately after the slaughter to analyze α‐amylase activity, and the expression of SLC5A1, CD36, and CCK and villi morphometry. Feeding RPF increased nutrients digestibility (p < 0.01). There was no effect of maternal nutrition on digestibility and α‐amylase activity in steers (p > 0.05). Duodenal expression of SLC5A1, CD36, and CCK increased in the progeny from restricted cows. In conclusion, protein restriction during mid to late gestation of dams has long‐term effects on small‐intestine length and on expression of membrane transporters genes in the duodenum of the progeny. However, maternal nutrition does not affect digestibility in the feedlot.     

Impact of mash and crumble diets on intestinal amino acids transporters,intestinal morphology and pancreatic enzyme activity of broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of mash and crumble pre‐starter diets on pancreatic enzyme activity, intestinal morphology, gene expression of intestinal peptide and amino acid (AA) transporters of broilers. Broilers in battery cages were assigned to different feed forms of pre‐starter diet from 1 to 10 days of age. Significantly increased body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and lowered FCR were observed in birds fed crumble pre‐starter diet (CPD, p < 0.05). Feed forms had no effect on whole and small intestine length, but relative intestinal length and relative small intestinal length significantly increased in the broilers fed a mash pre‐starter diet (MPD, p < 0.05). Feeding CPD increased the weight of pancreas (p < 0.05), but relative weight of the pancreas was not influenced by treatments. Pancreatic protease and amylase activities significantly increased in the broilers fed CPD (p < 0.05) but the activity of lipase was not influenced. Crypt depth (CD) and villus height (VH) were higher in broilers fed CPD (p < 0.05) but villus width (VW), villus surface area (VSA) and villus height‐to‐crypt depth ratio (VCR) were not influenced by treatments. mRNA levels for peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), Na⁺‐independent cationic AA transporter1 (CAT1), Na⁺‐independent cationic and Na⁺‐dependent neutral AA transporter 1 (y⁺LAT1) and Na⁺‐dependent neutral AA transporter (B⁰AT) were lower in birds fed CPD (p < 0.05). There were no differences in mRNA abundance of Na⁺‐independent cationic and zwitterionic AA transporter (b^0,+AT) among treatments. Overall, the present data showed that feeding crumble diet during first 10 days of age, through higher FI, enhanced intestinal histomorphology, increased digestive enzyme activity is beneficial to growth performance of broilers. Indeed, dietary form can be an important factor in the expression of jejunal transporters.     

土壤中产淀粉酶菌株的分离、鉴定及提高产酶能力的研究

利用形态分析结合18S rDNA序列分析鉴定菌株,采用物理诱变、化学诱变及复合诱变等方法诱变菌株,进一步筛选获得了具有更高产淀粉酶能力的菌株。研究表明：通过筛选获得具有高产淀粉酶能力的真菌菌株fu-1,鉴定为黑曲霉,命名为黑曲霉An。An进一步经紫外诱变、化学诱变筛、复合诱变筛选出产酶活力最大的菌株。成功得到了高产淀粉酶活力的菌株An-7c-2u。