浙江南部近海小黄鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成及食源指示分析

小黄鱼（Larimichthys polyactis）是我国近海重要的经济和优势鱼种,在食物网结构中起承上启下的关键作用。利用气相色谱质谱联用仪测定了浙江南部近海小黄鱼的肌肉脂肪酸含量并分析其组成变化特点,基于特征脂肪酸的食源指示功能开展小黄鱼的食性分析。结果表明：小黄鱼肌肉中共检测出30种脂肪酸,主要脂肪酸包括C16∶0、C17∶0、C18∶1n9c、C18∶3n3、C16∶1n7、C20∶1、C20∶4n6、C20∶5n3（EPA）和C22∶6n3（DHA）等,其中C16∶0含量最高（23.12%）,其次为C18∶1n9c（16.67%）、C16∶1n7（11.45%）和C22∶6n3（11.40%）;肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）平均含量达到60.20%,显著高于饱和脂肪酸（SFA）的含量（39.80%）,DHA和EPA在机体中含量占比达15.54%,体现出小黄鱼肌肉具有较高营养价值;双因素方差分析显示饱和脂肪酸含量在体长组间存在显著差异,含量随着体长的增大而减小,而单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）含量存在显著的季节性差异;绝大多数特征脂肪酸在各季节的体长组间无显著差异,而120~139 mm体长组和>180 mm体长组的C16∶1n7、C20∶1和C18∶1n9c在冬季的含量显著小于其他季节;基于脂肪酸食源指示功能,小黄鱼属于浮游、底栖与游泳动物混合食性的鱼类,初始碳源包括浮游硅藻类、甲藻类和底栖生物等。本研究利用了特征脂肪酸稳定指示食物来源的特点,进一步补充和验证文献资料中小黄鱼的胃含物分析结果,为小黄鱼的摄食生态学研究提供重要参考。     

Genome Mining as an Alternative Way for Screening the Marine Organisms for Their Potential to Produce UV-Absorbing Mycosporine-like Amino Acid

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are small molecules with robust ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing capacities and a huge potential to be used as an environmentally friendly natural sunscreen. MAAs, temperature, and light-stable compounds demonstrate powerful photoprotective capacities and the ability to capture light in the UV-A and UV-B ranges without the production of damaging free radicals. The biotechnological uses of these secondary metabolites have been often limited by the small quantities restored from natural resources, variation in MAA expression profiles, and limited success in heterologous expression systems. Overcoming these obstacles requires a better understanding of MAA biosynthesis and its regulatory processes. MAAs are produced to a certain extent via a four-enzyme pathway, including genes encoding enzymes dehydroquinate synthase, enzyme O-methyltransferase, adenosine triphosphate grasp, and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase. However, there are substantial genetic discrepancies in the MAA genetic pathway in different species, suggesting further complexity of this pathway that is yet to be fully explored. In recent years, the application of genome-mining approaches allowed the identification of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that resulted in the discovery of many new compounds from unconventional sources. This review explores the use of novel genomics tools for linking BGCs and secondary metabolites based on the available omics data, including MAAs, and evaluates the potential of using novel genome-mining tools to reveal a cryptic potential for new bioproduct screening approaches and unrevealing new MAA producers.     

水华蓝藻酸解制备复合氨基酸液的研究

水华蓝藻打捞、处置及资源化利用已成为太湖水污染治理的一个重要措施.本试验采用单因素及正试验方法,研究了蓝藻硫酸水解提取复合氨基酸液的工艺条件,以氨基酸态氮的水解率为主要指标,考察了水解温度、时间、酸浓度、蓝藻固物含量等因素对水解氨基酸产生的影响.结果表明:蓝藻硫酸水解的最佳条件为:水解温度120 ℃,水解时间8 h,硫酸在溶液中的质量浓度为20%.同时对水解液进行检测后发现,溶液中氨基酸种类丰富,且已不含藻毒素.     

豆粕对乌鳢肠道菌群组成及微生物氨基酸代谢酶活性的影响

为研究豆粕替代鱼粉对乌鳢生长、肠道菌群组成和微生物相关氨基酸代谢酶活性的影响,分别用豆粕替代0、25%、50%和75%的鱼粉配制4组等氮等能的饲料饲喂初始体质量为(8.65±0.25) g的幼鱼(分别命名为G1、G2、G3和G4组),养殖实验在室内纤维玻璃钢桶中进行,实验周期为21 d。结果显示,各组间幼鱼成活率无显著性差异;G4组乌鳢幼鱼的生长性能显著低于G1和G2组,而G3组幼鱼生长性能与其余3组差异不显著。厚壁菌门在G1和G2组乌鳢肠道中的比例显著高于G3组,且在G4组中的比例最低;变形菌门在G1和G2组中的比例显著低于G3和G4组;G4组中乳球菌属、杆菌属、假单胞菌属、链球菌属、芽孢杆菌属和不动杆菌属的比例显著低于其余3组。另外,G4组幼鱼肠道微生物谷丙转氨酶、腺苷脱氨酶活性显著高于其余3组,而G1组乳酸脱氢酶的活性最高。研究表明,豆粕替代鱼粉除了对乌鳢幼鱼的生长产生影响外,也显著影响了肠道微生物组成及微生物相关氨基酸代谢酶的活性,本研究结果对于从微生态角度进一步理解豆粕在乌鳢配合饲料中的应用提供了理论依据和参考。     

几种经济红藻中茉莉酸合成途径的关键物质

为研究几种经济红藻中茉莉酸合成途径的关键物质,实验采用液相色谱—质谱联用技术(LC-MS)对茉莉酸生物合成途径相关物质建立检测方法,并对龙须菜、坛紫菜受到机械损伤时各物质的变化情况进行检测。以100%甲醇提取茉莉酸(JA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、12-氧-植物二烯酸(12-OPDA)和13-氢过氧化亚麻酸(13-HpOTE),利用XBridge TM C18色谱柱,以甲醇/水为流动相分离4种物质。优化条件下4种物质得到良好分离,加标回收率为81.23%～90.25%,检测限为0.04～0.56 ng/mL,灵敏度高。坛紫菜、龙须菜和真江蓠3种红藻中,坛紫菜中未检测到JA和13-HpOTE,4种物质均在另外2种藻中检测到。龙须菜受机械损伤胁迫后,4种物质在短时间内得到积累,其中13-HpOTE响应迅速。研究表明,红藻中可能存在类似于植物的茉莉酸合成途径,并参与对损伤的胁迫响应。     

梨三主枝开心形对光合及果实品质的影响

对丰水梨三主枝开心形生长表现及光照分布、光合速率等指标的测定,结果表明,三主枝开心形通风受光条件好,相对光强大于35%,净光合速率大于10.0μmol/(m2.s),果实主要分布在外围上层。果实外观亮泽,平均单果重达270 g,果实均匀整齐;肉质细、脆而多汁,每100 g鲜果中石细胞含量0.071 8 g;风味酸甜适口,可溶性固形物含量为12.93%,可滴定酸含量为0.14%,硬度6.7 kg/cm2,优质商品果实达95%以上。     

臭氧在大菱鲆亲鱼养殖回用水系统中的应用

以臭氧在大菱鲆亲鱼养殖回用水系统中的工程实例数据,分析臭氧在养殖水处理系统中的杀菌效果、脱除转化氨氮的效能。结果表明,臭氧在该工艺流程中杀菌率可达51．82％,对氨氮 亚硝酸氮的平均去除率达56．30％,这表明臭氧应用于工厂化养殖水处理中具有较好效果。     

四甲基戊二酸对夏玉米光合生产特征的调控效应

为研究四甲基戊二酸(TGA)对夏玉米光合特征和产量的调控效应, 2018、2019年在中国农业科学院新乡试验基地开展大田试验,以中单909 (ZD909)和京农科728 (JNK728)为试验材料,设置5个TGA施用梯度(0、75、150、225和300 g hm^–2)。结果表明,适宜剂量的TGA处理可提高玉米产量、延缓玉米生育期内功能叶的衰老速率,增强灌浆期的净光合速率,试验条件下TGA的最佳施用量为150 g hm^–2。在TGA最佳施用量下, ZD909和JNK728的产量相比对照2年平均分别增加8.7%和11.7%。2个品种玉米生育期内叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和光合势相比对照平均分别增加14.3%和19.7%、18.7%和22.7%、10.9%和16.9%;而叶片衰老速率相比对照平均降低了55.9%和56.5%;灌浆期的净光合速率相比对照平均分别增加44.0%和58.4%。相关性分析表明,玉米产量与生育期内叶片衰老速率呈显著负相关,而与灌浆期净光合速率呈显著正相关。综上, TGA处理能够提高叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量,延缓玉米叶片衰老...     

Viral RNA extraction using an automatic nucleic acid extractor with magnetic particles and genetic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Tokachi Province,Japan, in 2016–2017

In this study, the viral genome extraction performance of automatic nucleic acid extractors and manual nucleic acid extraction kits was compared. We showed that compared with manual kits, the automatic extractors showed superior genome extraction performance using bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) genome-positive cattle sera and bovine coronavirus/infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus-spiked cattle nasal swabs. In addition, the subgenotyping of BVDV strains detected in Tokachi Province in Japan during 2016–2017 was performed. Results showed that most of these BVDV strains belonged to subgenotype 1b, while few strains belonged to subgenotypes 1a and 2a. This study showed the high applicability of automatic nucleic acid extractors in extracting multiple viral genomes and the dominant subgenotype of BVDV in Tokachi.     

Potentially Beneficial Effects on Healthy Aging by Supplementation of the EPA-Rich Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum or Its Supernatant—A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial in Elderly Individuals

Dietary supplements that promote healthy aging are mostly warranted in an aging society. Because of age-related risks, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents such as microalgae are potential candidates for intervention. In a randomized controlled trial, we tested Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT), a microalgae rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), carotenoids, vitamins, and β-glucans, cultured in bioreactors. In this pilot trial, 19 healthy elderly received supplements for two weeks based on either the whole PT (A), the β-1,3-glucan-rich PT supernatant (SupB), the combination thereof (A+SupB), or a Comparator product (Comp). The primary outcome variable plasma interleukin-6 was reduced after treatment with A+SupB compared to the Comp group (p = 0.04). The mobility parameters 5 s sit-to-stand test (p = 0.04 in the A group) and by trend gait speed (p = 0.08 in the A+SupB diet) were improved compared to Comp. No treatment effects were observed for fatty acids, compared to Comp but omega-6 to -3 fatty acid ratio (p = 0.006) and arachidonic acid/EPA ratio (p = 0.006) were reduced within group A+SupB. Further, the SupB study product reduced faecal zonulin (p = 0.03) compared to the Comp. The data revealed an anti-inflammatory and potentially anti-oxidative effect of particular PT preparations, suggesting that they might be suitable for effects in healthy elderly.