基于模糊数学法评价甲基溴及其替代技术

为履行《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》规定,运用模糊数学综合评判法,探讨了甲基溴及其替代技术在土壤熏蒸过程中的各项因素,构建了作物产量、作物品质、病虫害防治效果、技术安全、操作过程、环境影响、应用时长和投入成本8个指标集,并划分了模糊评判集,综合评估了生姜、草莓作物甲基溴及其替代技术。生姜作物综合评估结果为甲基溴(83.61)氯化苦(79.06)棉隆(78.03)威百亩(69.07),草莓作物综合评估结果为甲基溴(69.13)氯化苦(64.60)棉隆(56.80)。各单项指标评价结果表明,甲基溴在作物产量、作物品质、防治效果以及应用时长等4个指标上均高于各项替代技术,但由于自身毒性、对臭氧层物质消耗以及受生产管控等因素的影响,在其余指标上低于替代技术;氯化苦在作物产量、作物品质和病虫害防治效果等6项指标上均高于其他替代技术,但由于为剧毒农药,而在技术安全和操作过程2项指标上低于其余替代技术。以上结果表明,生姜作物和草莓作物主流替代技术的消毒效果并不具备甲基溴的广谱性,当前最佳替代技术为氯化苦。     

棉花EPSPS基因一个可变剪接体的克隆及功能分析

可变剪接是生物体基因在转录过程中存在的普遍现象,该现象是导致蛋白质功能多样性的重要原因之一,但是在棉花中关于功能基因可变剪接事件的报到相对较少。本文在克隆棉花EPSPS(5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase)基因的过程中,发现了该基因的一条可变剪接序列。运用生物信息学的方法研究发现,该序列比正常的EPSPS基因的c DNA序列少152 bp,这造成了终止密码子在该序列的提前出现;正常的EPSPS基因内含子的剪切都遵循常见的"GT-AG"剪切规律,而该可变剪接序列最后一个内含子的剪切是按照"AT-AC"规则进行;该可变剪接序列预测的三维结构模型同正常的EPSPS基因的三维结构存在显著差异。将该可变剪接序列插入到原核表达载体p ET32a,随后将构建好的原核表达重组载体转化入大肠杆菌菌株BL21(DE3)Δaro A,通过在M9基本培养基中的生长研究发现该可变剪接序列不具备正常EPSPS基因所具有的功能。本研究结果丰富了棉花EPSPS基因转录本存在的形式,为深入研究棉花EPSPS基因的转录机制打下了基础。     

旱涝交替胁迫下水稻茎节发育及其抗倒伏能力

采用盆栽试验,设置4个旱涝交替胁迫处理[旱-涝-旱连续胁迫,涝后水分自然落干,待达到水分控制下限后开始旱胁迫;分蘖期:涝为保持水深10 cm,包括轻旱(T-LD)和重旱(T-HD)2个处理;拔节期:涝为保持水深15cm,包括轻旱(S-LD)和重旱(S-HD)2个处理],并以常规灌溉(CK)为对照,研究了不同生育期(分蘖期和拔节期)旱涝交替胁迫条件下水稻茎节发育状况和茎秆抗倒伏能力,并分析了茎节、株高、倒伏指数、抗折力之间的相关关系。结果表明,旱涝交替胁迫后,拔节后期和黄熟期水稻第一、二、三茎节生长发育均受到抑制。拔节后期各处理株高显著低于CK,且第一茎节S_内较CK降低了20.84%~39.07%;而黄熟期T-LD、T-HD处理株高却超过CK,且TLD和T-HD处理第一茎节S_外、S_内均较CK显著降低,而S-HD处理第一茎节S_内较CK显著降低了69.70%,S_截较CK显著增加了34.78%。拔节后期和黄熟期水稻各茎节长度相互之间呈显著正相关(p0.01),且第二茎节长度与第三茎节相关系数最高,但各茎节长度与株高相关性较弱;另外,株高的增加不利于水稻抗倒伏。黄熟期水稻第一茎节S_外与倒伏指数显著正相关,而与抗折力负相关,第四茎节S_截与倒伏指数显著负相关,与抗折力显著正相关。第一、二茎节S_外和S_截的增加不利于水稻抗倒伏,第三、四茎节截面积的增加有利于水稻抗倒伏。     

旱涝交替胁迫条件下水稻叶绿素荧光特性

采用盆栽试验,设置4个旱涝交替胁迫处理(旱-轻涝-旱连续胁迫,其中分蘖期轻涝为保持水深10 cm,拔节期轻涝为保持水深15 cm):分蘖期轻旱(T-LD)、分蘖期重旱(T-HD)、拔节期轻旱(S-LD)和拔节期重旱(S-HD),并以常规灌溉(CK)为对照,研究了旱涝交替胁迫条件下水稻分蘖期和拔节期荧光特性。结果表明,分蘖期和拔节期旱涝交替胁迫均对叶绿素荧光参数产生显著影响。分蘖期第一次旱后,T-HD处理最大荧光值(Fm)比T-LD处理高16.29%(p0.05),而T-LD处理Fm则比CK降低3.44%;旱涝急转后,旱胁迫处理初始荧光值(Fo)略微低于CK,T-LD处理Fm比CK高1.98%,而T-HD处理则比CK低4.73%;第二次旱后,T-LD、T-HD处理Fo均低于CK,但PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)比CK高。拔节期第一次旱后,S-LD和S-HD处理Fo高于CK,但Fm和Fv/Fm均比CK低;旱涝急转后,S-HD处理Fv/Fm最低;第二次旱后,S-LD和S-HD处理Fo分别比CK低4.40%和3.30%,而Fm则分别比CK高出17.02%和23.87%,且Fv/Fm显著高于CK(p0.01),荧光反应得到增强。复水至拔节期,分蘖期处理叶绿素Fo呈现先降低后升高的趋势,而Fm则上下波动,随后逐渐超过CK,且Fv/Fm低于CK(除9月6日外),说明PSⅡ反应中心的活性受到持续抑制;而在灌浆期后,各处理荧光参数差异较小。     

Survey and examination of the potential alternative hosts of Villosiclava virens,the pathogen of rice false smut,in China

Rice false smut is caused by ascomycete Villosiclava virens, whose potential alternative hosts have been assumed previously. Here its potential alternative hosts were surveyed and identified from 2008 to 2013 in the main rice-growing regions in China. Two common weeds in paddy fields, Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. and Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv., were found to present the similar symptoms to smut diseases in a few individuals in 2012 and 2013 in Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces of China, respectively. After the examinations of the spore morphology, their infection and extension mode in hosts, pathogen cell wall components, and molecular identification, the two pathogens were identified to be the Basidiomycetes, Ustilago syntherismae and Ustilago trichophora, respectively. So far there has been no alternative host of V. virens to be identified in China. These suggest that the alternative hosts of V. virens, if they do exist, are not possible to play an important role in the pathogen life cycle and the disease epidemics.     

农田不同肥力条件下玉米秸秆腐解效果

为了探讨农田不同肥力对玉米秸秆腐解转化和能态变化的影响,该文采用砂滤管法在陕西关中高、中等、低3种肥力塿土上进行了480 d的玉米秸秆腐解试验,研究了腐解进程中玉米秸秆的分解率以及有机碳组成和能态变化。结果显示,随着腐解进行,腐解产物中的苯–醇溶性、水溶性组分下降,半纤维素和纤维素含量先上升后下降,而木质素增加;腐解物的能态呈现上下起伏、下降和相对稳定3个阶段的变化,总体是一个放能过程。腐解产物的热值与其有机碳、苯–醇溶性组分、水溶性组分、半纤维素和纤维素呈显著正相关,但与其灰分、木质素、腐殖物质含量呈显著负相关。腐解480 d,3种肥力间比较发现,玉米秸秆在中等肥力田块上矿化率最高,低肥力田块上的最低;中等肥力土壤能够促进玉米秸秆中的水溶性有机组分和木质素的分解,而高肥力土壤能够促进苯–醇溶性组分和半纤维素、纤维素分解,并有利于腐殖物质的形成,而且腐解物的能态最高。     

Exogenous protease supplementation of poultry by‐product meal‐based diets for broilers: Effects on growth,carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three levels (0%, 3% and 6%) of poultry by‐product meal (PBM) with or without protease on broiler growth, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility from 1 to 35 days. Two hundred and forty birds (n = 240) were fed equi‐caloric and equi‐nitrogenous (ME 2850 kcal/kg; CP 20%) diets throughout the experiment. The enzyme supplementation increased feed intake (p < .01) and body weight gain (p < .01), but feed:gain remained unaffected (p > .05) from 1 to 21 days. Increasing level of PBM decreased feed intake (p < .05), but body weight gain was improved (p < .05) at 3% PBM level during 1 to 21 days. The feed:gain was improved (p < .05) in birds fed diets containing 3% PBM. The feed:gain was also improved in birds fed diets containing 3% PBM from 1 to 35 days. However, feed intake and body weight gain in birds fed diets containing PBM remained unaffected. An interaction (p < .01) on feed intake between enzyme and PBM was noticed during 1 to 21 days. However, no interaction was recorded for body weight gain and feed:gain. The per cent carcass yield improved (p < .01) in birds fed diets supplemented with enzyme. The per cent breast meat yield was depressed (p < .005) in birds fed diets containing PBM. Apparent metabolizable energy (p < .001), nitrogen retention (p < .01), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (p < .001), and apparent digestibility coefficient for nitrogen (p < .01) improved in birds fed diets containing enzyme; however, a reverse was noticed in those fed diets containing only PBM. In conclusion, inclusion of 3% PBM along with supplementation of exogenous protease improved performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers.     

Effectiveness of a non-surgical alternative to the Mules operation in sheep

Objective To measure changes to the perineal bare area, local tissue reaction and healing responses of young sheep, following intradermal administration of cetrimide and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), with and without ethanol, to the breech and tail. Method A needle‐less injector was used to deposit formulations containing 40 g/L cetrimide and 30 g/L PVP (group 2) or 20 g/L cetrimide, 30 g/L PVP and 15 g/L ethanol (group 3), within the dermis of the tail and the region surrounding the perineal bare breech area of groups (N = 8) of Merino weaner sheep. The dimensions of the perineal bare area (length, width and diagonal distances left and right) and tail width were recorded before and at intervals after treatment for 60 days. Observations of swelling and bruising and scab formation at the treatment sites were recorded for up to 35 days after treatment. Rectal temperatures were monitored for up to 35 days after treatment and bodyweight for up to 60 days after treatment. An untreated control group (group 1) was included. Results Comparison of day ‐3 and day 35 measurement data showed that both treated groups had significantly (P < 0.05) wider breech bare areas compared to the untreated controls and that group 2 sheep had significantly (P < 0.05) longer breech bare areas compared to group 3 sheep or to the untreated controls, which were not significantly different. At this time scabs were still firmly in place on many treated sheep. At day 35 there was no increase in tail bare area caused by either treatment. By day 60 there was no significant difference between the treated and control groups in either the breech or tail regions indicating that the changes present at day 35, were not permanent. Mean weight gain in the groups throughout the 60‐day interval was unaffected by treatment. Intradermal treatment was associated with a significant elevation in body temperature. This effect lasted for 3 days and was associated with signs of discomfort and depressed appearance in at least some of the treated sheep. Bruising was mild to severe in all treated sheep within two days of treatment but was not evident in any sheep by day 21. Mild to moderate swelling was also associated with treatment but was not uniform across sheep in the groups. The tail of one sheep was severely swollen for several days. Swelling remained obvious in most treated sheep until day 14 but was not present at day 21. Conclusion Under the conditions of this study intradermal injection of cetrimide had no permanent effect on bare area measurements on the breech or the amount of wool‐bearing skin on the tail. It also caused signs of discomfort and pain that raise welfare concerns.