飞机草化感作用的初步研究

对飞机草（Chromolaena odoratum (L.)R.M.King and H.Robinson.)乙醇提取物的化感作用了初步研究。结果表明，飞机草乙醇提取物对豇豆、青瓜、萝卜、菜心、大白菜、小白菜和水稻、稗草具有不同程度的化感作用，总体上呈现出低促高抑的现象，且随着溶液浓度增大而抑制作用增强。其中干物质为0.1g/mL的飞机草乙醇提取物溶液对菜心、大白菜和小白菜的种子萌发、幼苗生长、根长生长抑制作用最为明显；干物质为0.01、0.002g/mL溶液对小白菜、大白菜和稗草的幼苗生长均具有一定的促进作用；干物质为0.01、0.002g/mL溶液对青瓜、小白菜和稗草根长生长也具有一定的促进作用。     

A Preliminary Study on Systems Engineering-Based Method for the Evaluation of Allelopathic Potential in Crops and Its Application

The objective of this study was to develop a method to assess and analyze the total allelopathic potential of crop germplasm and to test this method on four winter wheat accessions commonly planted in the Loess Plateau. A systems engineering model was developed and used to evaluate the total allelopathic potential of crop cultivars. In addition, a method for quantifying the total allelopathic potential in crop accessions was presented. Total allelopathic potential of four winter wheat accessions from the Loess Plateau was estimated and compared using a systems theory approach. The model assessed allelopathic potential in different parts of the plants from the time wheat turned green in spring until maturity. Results from these models indicated that the four wheat accessions had very weak allelopathic potential. Allelopathic potential declined in the order Xiaoyan 22 〉 Ningdong 1 〉 Fengchan 3 〉 Bima 1. This system engineering evaluation method allows for the assessment of allelopathic potential among crop varieties. It will help plant breeders to select and develop allelopathic crop accessions that combine weed suppression properties with agronomic traits related to yield and quality.     

综述: 植物－土壤－微生物系统中的酚酸

Phenolic acids are very common compounds in pedosphere. The objective of this review was to summarize the current knowledge of the behaviors of phenolic acids in plant-soil-microbe system. When phenolic acids originated from leaching, decomposition and exudation of living and dead plant tissues enter soils, they can react physicochemically with soil particle surfaces and/or incorporate into humic matter. Phenolic acids desorbed from soil particle surfaces and remained in solution phase can be utilized by microbe as carbon sources and absorbed by plants. The degradation products of phenolic acids by microbe include some organic and/or inorganic compounds such as new phenolic acids. In addition, phenolic acids in soils can stimulate population and activity of microbe. Phenolic acids can inhibit plants growth by affecting ion leakage, phytohormone activity, membrane permeability, hydraulic conductivity, net nutrient uptake, and enzyme activity. Behaviors of phenolic acids in soils are influenced by other organic compounds (phenolic acids, methionine, glucose, etc.) and/or inorganic ions. The role of phenolic acids as allelopathic agents should not be neglected only based on their low specific concentrations in natural soils, because numbers and interactions of phenolic acids will increase their allelopathic activities.     

Varietal Differences in Allelopathic Potential of Alfalfa

Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) plants were found to contain water-soluble substances that inhibited the germination and seedling growth of alfalfa ( Chung and Miller 1990, Agron. J. 87, 762—767 ). Tsuzuki et al. (1999, Rep. Kyushu Branch Crop Sci. Soc. Japan 65, 39—40 ) discovered allelochemicals in alfalfa plants that could have adverse effects on the growth of some lowland weeds. This study was conducted to investigate varietal differences in allelopathic potential in alfalfa plants. Eight common varieties of Japanese alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), namely Batasu, Hisawakaba, Kitawakaba, Makiwakaba, Natsuwakaba, Lucerne, Tachiwakaba and Yuba, were grown by conventional methods in the Experimental Field of the Crop Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University. Aqueous extracts of both fresh and dried material of alfalfa plants of all varieties significantly inhibited both germination and growth of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). Leachates from germinating seeds of almost all alfalfa varieties inhibited elongation of the radicle but produced a negligible increase in germination and only slightly inhibited elongation of the hypocotyl of lettuce plants. Results demonstrated that the degree of inhibition of germination and growth of lettuce varied with the variety of alfalfa. In particular, Lucerne was identified as having the strongest allelopathic potential of the varieties studied. The results suggested that the allelopathic potential of alfalfa might be relating to a gene.     

鳢肠水提液对棉花和棉田常见杂草的化感作用

采用培养皿滤纸法研究鳢肠水提液对棉花和棉田常见杂草种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明:当鳢肠水提液质量浓度为0.01~0.08 g·m L-1时,对中棉所49和中棉所79种子萌发影响不大,而对杂草种子的萌发表现为抑制作用;其中,对禾本科杂草种子萌发的抑制强度表现为牛筋草马唐稗草,对阔叶杂草种子萌发的抑制强度表现为反枝苋马齿苋苘麻。鳢肠水提液对棉花和杂草幼苗生长的影响表现为,低浓度促进,高浓度抑制,并随着质量浓度增加抑制作用提高,其中0.04~0.08 g·m L-1的鳢肠水提液对反枝苋胚根和胚芽长的抑制率均达到100%。     

铁杆蒿浸提液对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为利用铁杆蒿开发生物除草剂,以小麦品种小偃22为材料,研究了不同浓度铁杆蒿全草浸提液对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明:经铁杆蒿全草浸提液处理后的小麦种子,其萌发率和发芽指数随浸提液浓度的升高而显著降低,并且对小麦种子萌发速度的抑制作用强于对其萌发率的抑制作用;高浓度铁杆蒿全草浸提液对小麦种子初生胚根和幼苗的生长表现出较强的抑制作用,而低浓度铁杆蒿浸提液表现出促进作用。其中,浓度为0.05和0.01g·mL-1的铁杆蒿全草浸提液能够显著增强小麦根系活力。     

嫁接西瓜根、茎叶的化感效应及化感物质的鉴定

以南瓜作砧木嫁接西瓜,研究嫁接西瓜的根、茎叶浸提液对西瓜种子发芽和幼苗生长的化感效应,并对嫁接西瓜根和茎叶中的化感物质进行了GC-MS检测。结果表明,2.5、5、10和20g/L 4个浓度的浸提液（西瓜/南瓜嫁接苗,南瓜自根苗,西瓜自根苗的根、茎叶）对西瓜种子发芽和幼苗生长均呈现出低促高抑的规律。浸提液浓度为2.5g/...     

化感水稻内生真菌的分离鉴定及其发酵产物的生物学效应研究

以化感水稻品种‘PI312777’‘6173’和‘6180’为研究对象,从水稻根、茎和叶中分离获得70株内生真菌,采用形态学观察和rDNA-ITS区序列分析,对内生真菌进行分类鉴定。进一步以化感水稻‘PI312777’分离得到的粘红酵母和塔宾曲霉为试验菌株,通过不同稀释倍数的真菌发酵液对非化感水稻进行MS半固体培养基育苗试验,研究化感水稻内生真菌发酵产物对非化感水稻萌发率、株高等形态指标及苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性的影响。结果表明,从供试化感水稻品种中共分离得到17种内生真菌,经rDNA-ITS系统发育树分析鉴定为10个属,这些内生真菌主要分布在曲霉属（Aspergillus）（29.63%）、青霉属（Penicillium）（16.67%）和镰刀菌属（Fusarium）（12.96%）。不同稀释浓度塔宾曲霉发酵液对水稻幼苗生长均有促生作用,其中50倍稀释浓度处理可显著提高水稻幼苗的株高、根长及POD酶活性。粘红酵母菌发酵液5倍稀释浓度可显著提高水稻幼苗的PAL酶活性并对水稻幼苗有促生作用。稗稻共生条件下,塔宾曲霉和粘红酵母发酵稀释液对水稻均有促生效应。本研究可为化感水稻内生真菌进一步应用于水稻生产实践提供有益指导。     

紫花苜蓿茎叶水浸提液对2种禾本科牧草的化感效应

【目的】探讨不同质量浓度(以苜蓿粉计)紫花苜蓿茎叶水浸提液对无芒雀麦和多年生黑麦草种子萌发以及早期幼苗生长的影响。【方法】制备0.05,0.08和0.10g/mL紫花苜蓿茎叶水浸提液,采用培养皿滤纸发芽法,以蒸馏水为对照,研究其对无芒雀麦和多年生黑麦草种子发芽率、幼苗高度和根长的影响。【结果】不同质量浓度的紫花苜蓿茎叶水浸提液对多年生黑麦草和无芒雀麦种子的萌发、幼苗高度及根长均有抑制作用,并且随着紫花苜蓿茎叶水浸提液质量浓度的增加,抑制作用增强。当紫花苜蓿茎叶水浸提液的质量浓度为0.05,0.08和0.10g/mL时,其对无芒雀麦和多年生黑麦草种子发芽率、幼苗高度和根长抑制率的平均值分别为20.39%,28.42%,37.00%和35.43%,46.77%,63.99%。【结论】无芒雀麦对紫花苜蓿化感抑制作用的适应性和抵抗能力比多年生黑麦草强,更适合与紫花苜蓿混播。     

青蒿素的化感效应及机理研究进展

青蒿素是我国自主研制的治疗疟疾的首选药,黄花蒿是提取青蒿素的唯一原料药材,在我国有2 000多年的药用历史。我国黄花蒿种质资源丰富,种植面积和青蒿素产量占全世界的90%以上。黄花蒿释放的化感物质——青蒿素影响植物、藻类和浮游动物的生长发育,对农业生产、土壤健康和水体生态系统造成重大影响。对青蒿素化感效应及机理的研究现状进行了综述,以期对评估黄花蒿种植产生的环境风险,保持土壤健康,避免影响后茬作物生长提供一定的参考。