发育大豆子叶细胞中酸性磷酸酶的亚细胞学定位

本实验采用电镜细胞化学技术，观察了酸性磷酸酶在发育中大豆子叶细胞内的亚细胞学分布。酸性磷酸酶除分布在细胞核内的部分染色质上，内质网膜上，质体胞质小泡和胞质中，主要积累于蛋白体内。     

许氏平鮋消化道中部分消化酶的研究

对许氏平 (Sebastesschlegeli)消化道内的 5种与消化吸收有关的酶进行分布和活性测定。结果表明 ,(1)肠道各段均具很高碱性磷酸酶活性 ,最适 pH为 9.7。食道和胃几乎没有碱性磷酸酶活性。 (2 )消化道各部位均含酸性磷酸酶 ,肠道活性最高 ,自幽门盲囊起依次递降。食道和胃酸性磷酸酶活性明显低于肠 ,胃和肠酸性磷酸酶的最适 pH均为 5 .3。 (3)肠道中羧酸酯酶活性明显高于胃 ,且 2者羧酸酯酶最适 pH差别较大 ,分别为 8.4和 6 .8。(4)胃蛋白酶活性明显高于肠道 ,胃蛋白酶最适pH为 2 .6 ,肠蛋白酶最适 pH为 9.4。 (5 )胃淀粉酶活性明显低于肠道 ,胃淀粉酶最适 pH为 4 .6 ,肠道淀粉酶最适pH为 7.0。这表明许氏平对蛋白质的初步消化在胃中进行 ,在肠中进一步消化和吸收 ,而对糖类和脂类的消化和吸收主要在肠道进行     

Capacity for digestive hydrolysis and amino acid absorption in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with soybean meal or inulin with or without addition of antibiotics

This experiment was done to study the effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) and inulin (a prebiotic) on the capacity for digestive hydrolysis and amino acid absorption by Atlantic salmon, and how a dietary supplement of the broad-spectrum antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) modulated these responses. A control diet (FM) was made from fish meal, fish oil and extruded wheat. Two similar diets were made with 250 g soybean meal (SBM) or 75 g inulin kg^− 1. Each diet was made with or without a supplement of 3 g OTC kg^− 1. All six diets contained yttrium oxide for estimation of apparent nutrient absorption. Each diet was fed to two groups of 172 g salmon kept in 1 m² tanks with 9 °C saltwater for 3 weeks. Intestinal organs were then sampled and weighed. Gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) were sectioned for analyses of brush border alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activities. Tissue from the distal intestine (DI) was also fixed for histological examination. Digesta from the different sections were freeze dried for estimation of trypsin and amylase activities, and of apparent absorption of amino acids (AA), nitrogen (N), and sulphur (S). About 85% of the trypsin activity, 70% of the amylase activity, 85% of the ALP activity, and 82% of the LAP activity were found in the proximal (PI) and mid (MI) intestine of fish with functional DI, and the absorption of AA, N, and S was quantitatively completed in the MI. Dietary OTC resulted in lower relative liver weight, but apart from increased ALP and LAP activities in DI when feeding OTC in combination with inulin, OTC did not modify the responses to dietary SBM or inulin. Dietary SBM resulted in lower relative liver weight, and induced pathomorphological changes in the DI mucosa, thus lower the ALP and LAP activities in the DI. SBM also stimulated absorption of AA, N, and S in the PI, but at the same time increased the activities of trypsin and amylase in the DI, indicating reduced re-absorption and increased faecal losses of these endogenous enzymes. Dietary inulin did not damage the DI, and stimulated intestinal growth and higher relative mass of the GIT. Inulin without OTC did not affect the hydrolytic and absorptive capacity of the salmon GIT.     

Characterization of chymotrypsin activity during early ontogeny of larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

The temporal evolution of chymotrypsin activity during early ontogeny of laboratory reared red drum larvae was accomplished using a combination of biochemical assays and electrophoretic methods (substrate SDS-PAGE). Optimal functional conditions for chymotrypsin were also determined. Chymotrypsin activity was first detected prior to the onset of exogenous feeding. Total chymotrypsin activity increased with age and standard length. Specific activity was greatest on day 10 post-hatch. Maximal chymotrypsin activity was observed at 50 °C, pH 7.8, and Ca²⁺ concentration of 25 mM. Using substrate gel electrophoresis and specific inhibitors the molecular weight of red drum chymotrypsin was estimated to be 26–27 kD. Our results indicate that the digestive system of red drum larvae is capable of alkaline proteolysis before first feeding and suggest that chymotrypsin may have potential as an indicator of nutritional condition.     

A conceptual framework and an empirical test of complementarity and facilitation with respect to phosphorous uptake by plant species mixtures

Plant species have different traits for mobilizing sparingly soluble phosphorus (P) resources, which could potentially lead to overyielding in P uptake by plant species mixtures compared to monocultures due to higher P uptake as a result of resource (P) partitioning and facilitation. However, there is circumstantial evidence at best for overyielding as a result of these mechanisms. Overyielding (the outcome) is easily confused with underlying mechanisms because of unclear definitions. We aimed to define a conceptual framework to separate outcome from underlying mechanisms and test it for facilitation and complementarity with respect to P acquisition by three plant species combinations grown on four soils. Our conceptual framework describes both mechanisms of complementarity and facilitation and outcomes (overyielding of mixtures or no overyielding) depending on the competitive ability of the species to uptake the mobilized P. Millet/chickpea mixtures were grown in pots on two calcareous soils mixed with calcium-bound P (CaP) and phytate P (PhyP). Cabbage/faba bean mixtures were grown on both acid and neutral soils mixed with P-coated iron (hydr)oxide (FeP) and PhyP. Wheat/maize mixtures were grown on all four soils. Rhizosphere carboxylate concentration and acid phosphatase activity (mechanisms) as well as plant P uptake and biomass (outcome) were determined for monocultures rhizosphere and species mixtures. Facilitation of P uptake occurred in millet/chickpea mixtures on one calcareous soil. We found no indications for P acquisition from different P sources, neither in millet/chickpea, nor in cabbage/faba bean mixtures. Cabbage and faba bean on the neutral soil differed in rhizosphere acid phosphatase activity and carboxylate concentration, but showed no overyielding. Wheat and maize, with similar root exudates, showed overyielding (the observed P uptake being 22% higher than the expected P uptake) on one calcareous soil. We concluded that although differences in plant physiological traits (root exudates) provide necessary conditions for complementarity and facilitation with respect to P uptake from different P sources, they do not necessarily result in increased P uptake by species mixtures, because of the relative competitive ability of the mixed species.     

茄子耐盐碱品系筛选

采用盆栽方式,人工模拟盐碱环境,以山东省东营盐碱地区主栽茄子品种‘大红袍’为对照,对9个茄子品系在盐碱土中的植株生长、生理代谢和单株前期产量进行了测定分析,以期筛选出耐盐碱茄子品系。结果表明,在植株生长方面,各茄子品系的株幅、株高、茎粗等表现为增长,增长幅度品系间差异显著,其中茄子‘2012-91’增长最大分别为44.5 cm、15.6 cm和7.6 mm,其次是茄子‘2012-40’,高于对照,茄子‘2012-wm2’增长量最小,显著低于对照,其他品系与对照无显著差异;在生理指标方面,在渗透调节物质中,茄子‘2012-40’,茄子‘2012-91’、茄子‘2012-101’、茄子‘2012-121’和茄子‘2012-41’显著优于对照,茄子‘2012-wm2’与对照相比无显著性差异。前期产量方面,茄子‘2012-91’的单株前期产量最高为0.95 kg,显著高于对照,其次是茄子‘2012-40’为0.72 kg,其它品系与对照相比差异不显著或低于对照。综上,茄子品系‘2012-91’的耐盐碱性最强,茄子‘2012-40’次之,优于对照。     

煤烟脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤离子变化研究

为了探究碱化土壤的改良,采用田间试验方法,研究脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤盐分组成变化情况。结果表明:改良前后土壤的pH明显下降,碱化度下降幅度也比较大。Na+、CO2-3和HCO-3明显下降,Ca2+、Mg2+和SO2-4明显上升,Cl-变化不大;土壤中的Na+被Ca2+代换,CO2-3、HCO-3被SO2-4代换,大大降低了土壤的碱化度,改良后的土地种植玉米,虽然单产相对正常的还较低,但其生态价值远远高于未经改良的土地。     

盐碱地池塘4种养殖模式的鱼产量及负荷力

在氯化物型盐碱地池塘中 ,采用围隔实验生态学方法对鲤、草鱼、罗非鱼和淡水白鲳等 4种鱼类混养模式的鱼产量、负荷力和搭配比例进行对比研究。结果表明 ,4种养殖模式中吃食性鱼类的日增重率和收获规格都随其本身放养密度的增大而减小 ,而鲢、鳙的日增重率和收获规格则随吃食性鱼类放养密度的增大而增大 ;吃食性鱼类的日增重率以淡水白鲳最快 ,草鱼生长最慢 ;吃食性鱼类的净产量为鲤模式 (CC) >罗非鱼模式 (TH) >淡水白鲳模式 (FP) >草鱼模式 (GC) ,混养的鲢在各种模式中的产量顺序为CC >GC >TH >FP ,鳙为CC >GC >FP >TH。CC、GC、TH、FP模式的总净产量分别为 4 .0 2～ 6 .5 5、3.0 5～ 5 .2 6、3.4 5～ 5 .86、2 .99～ 5 .34g/ (m2 ·d) ;FP、CC、TH、GC模式的负荷力分别为 0 .6 0 4、0 .4 92、0 .4 37和 0 .4 30kg/m2 。     

木薯MePP2CAa基因克隆、表达及蛋白互作分析

为探究2C型蛋白磷酸酶（protein phosphatase 2C， PP2C）在木薯响应非生物胁迫过程中的作用，利用木薯Arg7叶片cDNA扩增MePP2CAa基因，分析该基因序列、启动子活性、不同逆境和激素处理下的表达模式以及与ABA受体PYLs之间的互作关系。序列分析结果显示，MePP2CAa基因全长1 311 bp，编码436个氨基酸，具有PP2C家族的结构域特征，与橡胶树和麻风树的PP2C序列同源性最高，分别为78.95%和74.09%，在C端保守；qRT-PCR分析结果显示，MePP2CAa基因在木薯储藏根中的表达显著高于茎、叶中的表达量；不同逆境和激素处理结果显示，甘露醇、NaCl、ABA、MeJA、低温和SA处理可以显著诱导MePP2CAa基因的表达；MePP2CAa基因启动子序列分析显示，启动子包含ABA应答元件（abscisic acid responsive element，ABRE）、MeJA响应元件、干旱诱导元件等；酵母双杂交结果显示MePP2CAa能够与MePYL1互作。以上结果表明，MePP2CAa基因可能响应木薯的非生物胁迫。     

日粮磷和钙磷比例对小型猪(香猪)血清、肠、骨碱性磷酸酶及血清钙磷的影响

36头生长阶段香猪去势公猪 ,通过3×3析因安排分组 ,完全随机区组设计 ,随机分配到9个处理中 ,每个处理4个重复 ,每个重复1头猪。试验两个因子中日粮磷的3个水平分别为0.3 %、0.6 %和0.9 % ;日粮钙磷比例的3个水平为1 :1、1.25 :1和1.5 :1。试验基础日粮由玉米、豆粕、血粉和苜蓿粉组成 ,各处理日粮磷水平和钙磷比例用CaCO3、Na2HPO4 和CaHPO4 调配。从试验开始到结束 ,每隔两周颈静脉采血一次测血清AKP活性和钙、磷 ,并于试验结束时屠宰全部试验猪取小肠和肋骨样测AKP活性。试验结果表明 ,血清AKP活性和第六肋骨AKP活性随日粮磷从0.3 %增加至0.9 %显著下降(P<0.05) ,但十二指肠AKP活性不受日粮磷水平影响。日粮钙磷比例不影响血清、第六肋骨和十二指肠AKP活性(P>0.05)。血清磷随日粮磷增加而增加 ,随日粮钙磷比例增加而下降。血清钙不受日粮磷水平影响 ,但在日粮钙磷比例为1.25 :1时最高