许氏平鮋消化道中部分消化酶的研究

对许氏平 (Sebastesschlegeli)消化道内的 5种与消化吸收有关的酶进行分布和活性测定。结果表明 ,(1)肠道各段均具很高碱性磷酸酶活性 ,最适 pH为 9.7。食道和胃几乎没有碱性磷酸酶活性。 (2 )消化道各部位均含酸性磷酸酶 ,肠道活性最高 ,自幽门盲囊起依次递降。食道和胃酸性磷酸酶活性明显低于肠 ,胃和肠酸性磷酸酶的最适 pH均为 5 .3。 (3)肠道中羧酸酯酶活性明显高于胃 ,且 2者羧酸酯酶最适 pH差别较大 ,分别为 8.4和 6 .8。(4)胃蛋白酶活性明显高于肠道 ,胃蛋白酶最适pH为 2 .6 ,肠蛋白酶最适 pH为 9.4。 (5 )胃淀粉酶活性明显低于肠道 ,胃淀粉酶最适 pH为 4 .6 ,肠道淀粉酶最适pH为 7.0。这表明许氏平对蛋白质的初步消化在胃中进行 ,在肠中进一步消化和吸收 ,而对糖类和脂类的消化和吸收主要在肠道进行     

Capacity for digestive hydrolysis and amino acid absorption in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with soybean meal or inulin with or without addition of antibiotics

This experiment was done to study the effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) and inulin (a prebiotic) on the capacity for digestive hydrolysis and amino acid absorption by Atlantic salmon, and how a dietary supplement of the broad-spectrum antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) modulated these responses. A control diet (FM) was made from fish meal, fish oil and extruded wheat. Two similar diets were made with 250 g soybean meal (SBM) or 75 g inulin kg^− 1. Each diet was made with or without a supplement of 3 g OTC kg^− 1. All six diets contained yttrium oxide for estimation of apparent nutrient absorption. Each diet was fed to two groups of 172 g salmon kept in 1 m² tanks with 9 °C saltwater for 3 weeks. Intestinal organs were then sampled and weighed. Gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) were sectioned for analyses of brush border alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activities. Tissue from the distal intestine (DI) was also fixed for histological examination. Digesta from the different sections were freeze dried for estimation of trypsin and amylase activities, and of apparent absorption of amino acids (AA), nitrogen (N), and sulphur (S). About 85% of the trypsin activity, 70% of the amylase activity, 85% of the ALP activity, and 82% of the LAP activity were found in the proximal (PI) and mid (MI) intestine of fish with functional DI, and the absorption of AA, N, and S was quantitatively completed in the MI. Dietary OTC resulted in lower relative liver weight, but apart from increased ALP and LAP activities in DI when feeding OTC in combination with inulin, OTC did not modify the responses to dietary SBM or inulin. Dietary SBM resulted in lower relative liver weight, and induced pathomorphological changes in the DI mucosa, thus lower the ALP and LAP activities in the DI. SBM also stimulated absorption of AA, N, and S in the PI, but at the same time increased the activities of trypsin and amylase in the DI, indicating reduced re-absorption and increased faecal losses of these endogenous enzymes. Dietary inulin did not damage the DI, and stimulated intestinal growth and higher relative mass of the GIT. Inulin without OTC did not affect the hydrolytic and absorptive capacity of the salmon GIT.     

An alkaline phosphatase-based method for the detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in tissue culture and tissue imprints

Currently, the presence of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is often detected in Atlantic salmon by the use of an indirect fluorescent antibody test. This test is limited by the poor stability of fluorescein isothiocyanate which fades after about a week in storage, preventing the development of stained archive material as a reference source. One possible alternative would be the use of immunohistochemical staining methods to detect ISAV. An immunohistochemical method is presented that uses alkaline phosphatase‐conjugated antibodies and Vector^® Red as a substrate, to detect ISAV in kidney imprints. This paper also describes a procedure where Bouin's fluid is used to successfully inhibit endogenous alkaline phosphatase in tissue samples, prior to immunohistochemical processing. This method provides a stable stain that can be read for many weeks after staining or archived for future reference.     

Characterization of chymotrypsin activity during early ontogeny of larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

The temporal evolution of chymotrypsin activity during early ontogeny of laboratory reared red drum larvae was accomplished using a combination of biochemical assays and electrophoretic methods (substrate SDS-PAGE). Optimal functional conditions for chymotrypsin were also determined. Chymotrypsin activity was first detected prior to the onset of exogenous feeding. Total chymotrypsin activity increased with age and standard length. Specific activity was greatest on day 10 post-hatch. Maximal chymotrypsin activity was observed at 50 °C, pH 7.8, and Ca²⁺ concentration of 25 mM. Using substrate gel electrophoresis and specific inhibitors the molecular weight of red drum chymotrypsin was estimated to be 26–27 kD. Our results indicate that the digestive system of red drum larvae is capable of alkaline proteolysis before first feeding and suggest that chymotrypsin may have potential as an indicator of nutritional condition.     

盐碱池塘浮游动物的种类组成和生物量

１９９７年４月５日至１９９８年９月１日对山东高青盐碱池塘浮游动物的种类组成和季节变动进行了研究，结果表明，高青盐碱池塘含盐量变动于１.36-20g.G^-1，总碱度变动于２.4-72.mmol.L^-1,pH值８－９浮游动物主要是淡水盐种或喜盐种，一些是典型的盐水种，浮游动物优势种有团焰毛虫，双环栉毛虫，锥瓶口虫，瓜形膜袋虫，旋回侠盗虫和绿色前管虫（原生动物），褶皱臂尾轮虫，暗小异尾轮虫，萼花臂尾轮虫，角突臂尾轮虫，壶状臂尾轮虫，卜氏晶囊轮虫，简单前翼轮虫，角三肢轮虫和针族多肢轮虫（轮虫）微型裸腹和长肢秀体（枝角类），细巧华哲水蚤，近邻剑水蚤和台液温剑水蚤，（桡足类），无鱼对照池和新挖池塘的浮游动物生物量均较一般养鱼池塘的高。     

The effect of water pH on swimming performance in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri,Richardson)

A Brett-type respirometer was used to measure the effect of water pH on swimming performance of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Variations in water pH between 6 and 9 had no measurable effect on maximum aerobic swimming speed. At water pH 4, 5, and 10, however, the critical velocity was only 55, 67, and 61% respectively of that recorded for fish in water of pH 7. Exposure to acid conditions increased coughing and breathing frequency. Acid exposure resulted in a decrease whereas alkaline exposure resulted in an increase in both whole blood and red blood cell pH. Blood gas and acid-base characteristics showed little change during swimming at 2.0 BL/second, but exhaustive swimming resulted in a marked and immediate drop in blood pH in fish in acid, alkaline and neutral water. The blood acid-base status was restored to resting levels after exercise in neutral and alkaline water, but the acidosis was maintained following exercise in acid water. Fatigue occurred earlier and blood lactate levels increased to a higher level in fish swum to exhaustion in acid or alkaline water, compared with fish in neutral water.     

A conceptual framework and an empirical test of complementarity and facilitation with respect to phosphorous uptake by plant species mixtures

Plant species have different traits for mobilizing sparingly soluble phosphorus (P) resources, which could potentially lead to overyielding in P uptake by plant species mixtures compared to monocultures due to higher P uptake as a result of resource (P) partitioning and facilitation. However, there is circumstantial evidence at best for overyielding as a result of these mechanisms. Overyielding (the outcome) is easily confused with underlying mechanisms because of unclear definitions. We aimed to define a conceptual framework to separate outcome from underlying mechanisms and test it for facilitation and complementarity with respect to P acquisition by three plant species combinations grown on four soils. Our conceptual framework describes both mechanisms of complementarity and facilitation and outcomes (overyielding of mixtures or no overyielding) depending on the competitive ability of the species to uptake the mobilized P. Millet/chickpea mixtures were grown in pots on two calcareous soils mixed with calcium-bound P (CaP) and phytate P (PhyP). Cabbage/faba bean mixtures were grown on both acid and neutral soils mixed with P-coated iron (hydr)oxide (FeP) and PhyP. Wheat/maize mixtures were grown on all four soils. Rhizosphere carboxylate concentration and acid phosphatase activity (mechanisms) as well as plant P uptake and biomass (outcome) were determined for monocultures rhizosphere and species mixtures. Facilitation of P uptake occurred in millet/chickpea mixtures on one calcareous soil. We found no indications for P acquisition from different P sources, neither in millet/chickpea, nor in cabbage/faba bean mixtures. Cabbage and faba bean on the neutral soil differed in rhizosphere acid phosphatase activity and carboxylate concentration, but showed no overyielding. Wheat and maize, with similar root exudates, showed overyielding (the observed P uptake being 22% higher than the expected P uptake) on one calcareous soil. We concluded that although differences in plant physiological traits (root exudates) provide necessary conditions for complementarity and facilitation with respect to P uptake from different P sources, they do not necessarily result in increased P uptake by species mixtures, because of the relative competitive ability of the mixed species.     

交联碱木质素--聚乙烯醇基钾镁缓释膜肥对钾、镁的缓释性能

为了提高工业碱木质素的利用率和扩大其应用范围,以工业碱木质素和聚乙烯醇(PVA)为原料、甲醛作为交 联剂、添加硫酸钾和硫酸镁制备交联碱木质素-聚乙烯醇基钾镁缓释膜肥。采用FTIR-ATR 方法测定缓释膜肥的化 学结构,并用淋溶实验检验缓释膜肥对钾、镁的缓释作用。结果表明:1)缓释膜肥在3 260 cm-1 左右的峰变小变宽, 1 332.57 cm-1 处吸收峰消失,1 145.51 ~983.52 cm-1 范围内吸收峰变大,说明碱木质素、聚乙烯醇经甲醛交联有化 学反应发生。2)与纯PVA 交联薄膜相比,碱木质素的加入不利于钾的缓释,而适量的碱木质素有利于镁的缓释, 碱木质素加入量可达20%。随着甲醛加入量的增大,钾累积释放率减小;适量甲醛有利于镁的缓释,但随着甲醛加 入量的增大,缓释膜肥对镁的缓释性能降低。对镁的缓释,甲醛的合适加入量为3.59%。缓释膜肥对钾的缓释主 要是分子结构的物理阻挡作用,而镁缓释除了物理阻挡作用还有木质素的螯合作用。3)对缓释膜肥的动力学试验 数据进行拟合,钾缓释的4 种模型拟合程度都很高,其中Higuchi 模型拟合程度最高,决定系数为0.994 1,说明钾缓 释行为遵循Fick 扩散。镁缓释模型中Ritger-Peppas 模型的拟合程度最高,决定系数为0.974 2,其缓释指数(0.5 n1.0)表明镁缓释行为是扩散和溶蚀综合作用的结果。      

茄子耐盐碱品系筛选

采用盆栽方式,人工模拟盐碱环境,以山东省东营盐碱地区主栽茄子品种‘大红袍’为对照,对9个茄子品系在盐碱土中的植株生长、生理代谢和单株前期产量进行了测定分析,以期筛选出耐盐碱茄子品系。结果表明,在植株生长方面,各茄子品系的株幅、株高、茎粗等表现为增长,增长幅度品系间差异显著,其中茄子‘2012-91’增长最大分别为44.5 cm、15.6 cm和7.6 mm,其次是茄子‘2012-40’,高于对照,茄子‘2012-wm2’增长量最小,显著低于对照,其他品系与对照无显著差异;在生理指标方面,在渗透调节物质中,茄子‘2012-40’,茄子‘2012-91’、茄子‘2012-101’、茄子‘2012-121’和茄子‘2012-41’显著优于对照,茄子‘2012-wm2’与对照相比无显著性差异。前期产量方面,茄子‘2012-91’的单株前期产量最高为0.95 kg,显著高于对照,其次是茄子‘2012-40’为0.72 kg,其它品系与对照相比差异不显著或低于对照。综上,茄子品系‘2012-91’的耐盐碱性最强,茄子‘2012-40’次之,优于对照。     

煤烟脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤离子变化研究

为了探究碱化土壤的改良,采用田间试验方法,研究脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤盐分组成变化情况。结果表明:改良前后土壤的pH明显下降,碱化度下降幅度也比较大。Na+、CO2-3和HCO-3明显下降,Ca2+、Mg2+和SO2-4明显上升,Cl-变化不大;土壤中的Na+被Ca2+代换,CO2-3、HCO-3被SO2-4代换,大大降低了土壤的碱化度,改良后的土地种植玉米,虽然单产相对正常的还较低,但其生态价值远远高于未经改良的土地。