五种昆虫生长调节剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的致毒作用

为明确昆虫生长调节剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫的毒力差异、作用特点和田间控制效果,采用药液定量滴加法比较了5种昆虫生长调节剂对其不同龄期幼虫的毒力、LC50对4龄幼虫生长发育和繁殖的影响,以及药剂致毒的温度效应和盆栽防效。结果表明:5种昆虫生长调节剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊2龄和4龄幼虫的毒力均以虱螨脲最高,LC50分别为0.173 mg/L和0.295 mg/L,氟铃脲和氟啶脲次之,均高于对照药剂辛硫磷;而吡丙醚和灭蝇胺低于辛硫磷。5种昆虫生长调节剂以LC50处理4龄幼虫后,虱螨脲、氟铃脲和氟啶脲对其存活幼虫后续发育历期、成虫羽化率和繁殖力的影响较大,尤其是单雌产卵量较清水对照分别降低72.6%、57.8%和58.1%;灭蝇胺也可使成虫产卵量降低;吡丙醚可引起卵孵化率下降。该类药剂对其幼虫的毒力基本不受环境温度的影响;虱螨脲、氟铃脲和氟啶脲7.5、15 g a.i./667 m2处理对当代4龄幼虫的防效较低,但对下一代幼虫的防效可达93%以上;虱螨脲、氟铃脲和灭蝇胺与新烟碱类的噻虫胺混用,可显著提高药剂的速效性,且持续控制作用好。     

几种药剂对2种麦蚜的室内毒力和田间药效

测定了几种不同毒杀机理的药剂对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的室内毒力和田间药效,结果表明:3%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂、3%啶虫脒微乳剂、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂和20%三氯杀螨醇乳油对2种麦蚜均表现出较好的毒杀效果,其中禾谷缢管蚜对这些药剂的敏感性大于麦长管蚜。3%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂和20%三氯杀螨醇乳油对麦蚜有较好的田间防效;3%啶虫脒微乳剂的初效尚可,但持效期短,麦蚜大发生时不宜使用该剂型;对照药剂40%氧乐果乳油的田间防效较差,麦蚜已对其产生了较高的抗性。     

40%毒死蜱乳油在桑园使用后对家蚕的影响评估

采用食下毒叶法测定及气相色谱分析,研究了40%毒死蜱乳油对家蚕的急性毒性、桑园使用后在桑叶中的残留消解动态及桑叶中残留农药对家蚕的急性毒性和亚致死效应。结果表明:按有效成分计,40%毒死蜱乳油对家蚕的急性毒性LC50值为0.82 mg／kg(桑叶),对家蚕为高毒;以推荐剂量(1 500倍稀释液)和1.5倍剂量(1 000倍稀释液)在桑园使用后,1.5倍剂量下40%毒死 蜱乳油在桑叶中的降解半衰期为1.82~3.88 d,第22 d时其在桑叶中的残留量为0.01~0.28 mg／kg; 推荐剂量下第18 d时的最终残留量为低于LOD~0.20 mg／kg。当桑叶染毒剂量为0.56 mg／kg时,对家蚕不会产生急性毒性危害,桑叶染毒剂量小于0.20 mg／kg时,与空白对照相比,处理组家蚕眠蚕体重、死笼率、全茧重、茧层率不存在明显差异。为防止施用毒死蜱乳油对家蚕产生危害,建议该农药在桑园中使用次数为1次、 喷雾使用1 500倍稀释液时,安全间隔期至少应为18 d。     

铅、镉、汞对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的急性毒性试验

在水温１４￣１６℃的条件下,分别用铅、汞、镉溶液对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍（６月龄）进行急性毒性试验。结果表明：毒性大小依次为汞〉镉〉铅。汞对幼鲍２４,４８,９６ｈ的ＬＣ５０（半致死浓度）分别为０．２８２,０．１６４,０．１２３ｍｇ／Ｌ。镉对幼鲍２４,４８,９６ｈ的ＬＣ５０分别为８．６８,７．１０,４．６０ｍｇ／Ｌ。铅浓度达到１０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,水中出现沉淀,幼鲍９６ｈ无死亡现象。幼鲍对汞中毒和镉中毒的反应现象不     

Silicon supplementation ameliorated the inhibition of photosynthesis and nitrate metabolism by cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Cucumis sativus L.

The effects of silicon (Si) application on plant growth, pigments, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence parameters and nitrogen metabolism were studied in Cucumis sativus L. under cadmium (Cd) toxicity. Compared with the control, 100 μM CdCl₂ treatment caused dramatic accumulation of Cd in cucumber leaves, greatly induced chlorosis, and the transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis indicated that Cd treatment cucumber chloroplast showed obvious swollen, thylakoids and chloroplast membrane were seriously damaged, and could not be observed clearly. Application of Si reversed the chlorosis, protected the chloroplast from disorganization, and significantly increased the pigments contents, which might be mainly responsible for the higher photosynthetic rate and accumulation of biomass under Cd stress. Further investigation of chlorophyll a fluorescence indicated that Cd treatment decreasing photosynthesis was not due to stomatal restriction, while was closely related integrity damage or function lost of the photosynthetic machinery which can be concluded from the higher intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) and lower F_v/F_m and ΦPSII. Application of Si alleviated the inhibited level of photosynthesis and F_v/F_m and ΦPSII by Cd, which might imply that Si plays important roles in protecting photosynthetic machinery from damaging. The Cd treatment also greatly inhibited the enzymes of nitrogen metabolism including nitrogen reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and Si supply decreased the inhibiting effects of Cd.     

乌桕叶对鸡的急性毒性试验

为了解乌桕叶作为鸡饲料添加剂和防治鸡白痢的药物是否安全,采用乌桕叶灌注雏鸡嗉囊的方法进行了急性毒性试验.结果表明:1 d内对雏鸡每1 kg给生药最大药量320.1 g,雏鸡无明显中毒症状,无死亡.乌桕叶对鸡无毒,可作鸡饲料添加剂应用.     

The effect of the herbicide diuron on soil microbial activity

The inhibitory effect of the herbicide diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] on microbial activity in red Latosol soil was followed using microcalorimetry. The activity of the micro-organisms in 1.50 g of soil sample was stimulated by addition of 6.0 mg of glucose and 6.0 mg of ammonium sulfate under 35% controlled humidity at 298.15 (+/- 0.02) K. This activity was determined by power-time curves that were recorded for increasing amounts of diuron, varying from zero to 333.33 micrograms g-1 soil. An increase in the amount of diuron in soil caused a decrease of the original thermal effect, to reach a null value above 333.33 micrograms g-1 of herbicide. The power-time curve showed that the lag-phase period and peak time increased with added herbicide. The decrease of the thermal effect evolved by micro-organisms and the increase of the lag-phase period are associated with the death of microbial populations caused by diuron, which strongly affects soil microbial communities.     

防治灰飞虱高效活性化合物和杀虫单剂及复配剂研究

采用浸苗法测定了2种新型烟碱类活性化合物和4种杀虫单剂对灰飞虱3龄若虫的毒力,并对其中3种杀虫单剂的复配增效作用进行了研究.结果表明,在供试的6种化合物中,活性化合物SXSN001对灰飞虱的毒力最高,其他化合物按毒力由高到低依次为:噻虫嗪>SXS001>吡虫啉>毒死蜱>吡蚜酮.将毒死蜱分别与吡蚜酮和噻虫嗪按一定比例复配后发现二者均表现出明显的增效作用,其中毒死蜱与吡蚜酮配比为9:20时,增效作用最明显,其校正毒力比为1.28,共毒系数为238.77;毒死蜱与噻虫嗪配比为16:1时,增效作用最明显,其校正毒力比为1.74,共毒系数为201.12.     

蜡蚧轮枝菌VL17急性毒性及致敏试验

对生物农药蜡蚧轮枝菌VL17菌株进行了急性经口、经皮毒性试验,眼刺激试验和致敏(皮肤变态反应)试验.结果表明,蜡蚧轮枝菌VL17对雄、雌性大鼠急性经口LD50＞5000mg·kg-1;对雄、雌性大鼠急性经皮LD50(4 h)＞2 500 mg·kg-1;对试验兔急性眼刺激的平均指数为0;对大鼠致敏(皮肤变态反应)试验致敏率为0.表明蜡蚧轮枝菌VL17是一种低毒,对兔眼无刺激性,对皮肤无致敏性的安全的生物农药.     

红栀子芽枯病病原菌生物学特性及毒力测定

对红栀子芽枯病病原菌的生物学及其毒力进行了研究.结果表明,在25℃条件下.红栀子芽枯病病原菌生长较好;经病原菌室内毒力测定试验,70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、58%甲霜灵锰锌可湿性粉剂对其的相对抑制率分别为92.55%和91.62%,且70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂在800倍液、1 200倍液浓度下对红栀子芽枯病菌的相对抑制率均迭90%以上.