氧化沉降条件下草甘膦对福寿螺的急性毒性效应

【目的】探究草甘膦与H₂O₂复合污染条件下草甘膦对福寿螺Pomacea canaliculata的急性毒性效应。【方法】采用静水式生物测试法,采集田间生长均匀一致的成年福寿螺,使其暴露于不同浓度草甘膦和近似广州地区降水H₂O₂浓度(50μmol·L^-1)的水体中。研究氧化沉降条件下草甘膦对福寿螺生境的水质部分指标和急性毒性效应的影响。【结果】水体水质指标中,氧化还原电位（Oxidation-reduction potential,ORP）随暴露时间增加而上升,由330 mV上升至540 mV左右;pH随暴露时间增加,不同处理有上升也有下降的趋势,最终都维持在7.0～8.5;溶解氧（Dissolved oxygen,DO）在8.5～16.0 mg·L^-1之间,无固定变化规律;这3个指标都维持在福寿螺生长能适应的范围内。急性毒性试验表明,草甘膦对福寿螺为低毒,在有或无H₂O₂添加时其48 h的半致死浓度(LC     

芹菜叶斑病病原菌细极链格孢药剂筛选

【目的】研究筛选对芹菜叶斑病(病菌为:细极链格孢Alternaria tenuissima)具有良好防治作用的药剂。【方法】采用菌丝生长速率法和琼脂片法分别用14种杀菌剂对细极链格孢(A.tenuissima)菌丝和孢子萌发做室内毒力测定并进行田间药效试验。【结果】14种杀菌剂中对病原菌菌丝抑制效果最好的分别为3%甲霜恶霉灵、5%香芹酚、10%苯醚甲环唑、其EC₅₀分别为10.8、19.9、26.2 μg/mL;对孢子萌发抑制效果最好的分别为3%甲霜恶霉灵、25%嘧菌酯、43%戊唑醇,其EC₅₀分别为15.7、29.5、38.7 μg/mL。只有3%甲霜恶霉灵具有最佳的防治效果。防效最好的药剂为3%甲霜恶霉灵和5%香芹酚,其防效分别为96.3%和83.9%。【结论】3%甲霜恶霉灵最适用于田间芹菜叶斑病的防治。     

氟唑菌酰羟胺与咪鲜胺复配对枸杞根腐病菌的毒力增效作用

为探索氟唑菌酰羟胺与咪鲜胺复配对枸杞根腐病主要病原菌——腐皮镰刀菌的毒力增效作用,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定氟唑菌酰羟胺与咪鲜胺17种不同比例的复配处理对腐皮镰刀菌的室内毒力作用,在最佳增效配比下,明确复配处理相较单剂对病原菌孢子萌发、产孢量、芽管伸长和菌丝干重的影响。结果表明,氟唑菌酰羟胺与咪鲜胺单剂及其复配处理对腐皮镰刀菌的菌丝生长抑制效果均有明显作用,其单剂EC₅₀值分别为0.365 8 mg·L^-1和0.120 8 mg·L^-1,氟唑菌酰羟胺与咪鲜胺的配比在3∶2时增效作用最大,EC₅₀值为0.044 3 mg·L^-1,增效系数SR达4.560 0,可作为枸杞根腐病药剂防治的最佳复配处理;氟唑菌酰羟胺与咪鲜胺单剂及其复配处理对腐皮镰刀菌的孢子萌发均具有一定的抑制效果,其单剂EC₅₀值分别为0.116 7 mg·L^-1和1 455.784 8 mg·L^-1,最佳复配处理EC₅₀值为0.060 2 mg·L^-1,增效系数SR达3.231 1。在质量浓度为0.8 mg·L^-1时,最佳复配处理对腐皮镰刀菌产孢量的抑制率达100%,对芽管伸长、菌丝干重的抑制效果均显著高于单剂处理。因此,氟唑菌酰羟胺与咪鲜胺复配比在3∶2时,可作为枸杞根腐病药剂防治的最佳复配处理,为预防耐药性的产生提供了解决途径。     

Therapeutic Plasma Exchange for Venom-Induced Thrombotic Microangiopathy Following Hump-Nosed Pit Viper (Genus: Hypnale) Bites: A Prospective Observational Study

Introduction—Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), which is the triad of acute kidney injury (AKI), microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA), and thrombocytopenia, is a rare complication of snakebites, and in Sri Lanka, it is commonly seen with hump-nosed pit viper (HNPV) bites.Methods—We conducted a prospective observational study of patients with AKI caused by HNPV bites in Teaching Hospital, Ratnapura, Sri Lanka for 6 y, commencing in June 2015. Some patients with TMA underwent therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and some did not. These 2 groups were compared. Statistical analysis was carried out using Minitab 18.1. Data were presented as median (IQR).Results—There were 52 (8%) patients with TMA, of whom 21 (45%) were in the TPE group and 26 (55%) were in the non-TPE group. TPE improved time to platelet correction (4 d [IQR, 4–5 d] vs 7 d [IQR, 5–9 d]; P=0.009), time to MAHA correction (5 d [IQR, 3–4 d] vs 7 d [IQR, 6–9 d]; P=0.004), time to prothrombin time (PT)/international normalized ratio (INR) correction (1 d [IQR, 1–2 d] vs 3 d [IQR, 3–4 d]; P=0.003), and time to 20 min whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) correction (2 d [IQR, 1–2 d] vs 3 d [1QR 2–3 d]; P=0.020). Renal recovery was predicted by TPE (P=0.048) and highest creatinine level (P=0.001). There was no association between TPE and dialysis dependency at discharge (P=0.597), length of hospital stay (P=0.220), and the number of dialysis cycles prior to discharge (P=0.540). TPE did not improve the number of blood transfusions (5 packs [IQR, 3–8.5 packs] vs 4 packs [IQR, 0–9 packs]; P=0.290).Conclusions—TPE is effective for TMA in the early correction of platelet counts, MAHA, PT/INR, and WBCT20 in HNPV bites.     

蜡样芽孢杆菌致吐毒素的毒性作用与生物合成研究进展

蜡样芽孢杆菌是一类兼性厌氧的革兰氏阳性杆菌,可以产生芽孢抵抗不良环境,并广泛存在于土壤、水、空气和多种食物中。致病性蜡样芽孢杆菌是常见的食源性条件致病菌之一,其引发的食物中毒主要是由其产生的毒素导致的。致吐毒素cereulide是致病性蜡样芽孢杆菌产生的重要毒素之一,是一种小分子亲脂性十二环肽,结构性质十分稳定。Cereulide能够引起恶心、呕吐等轻微的食物中毒症状,也可导致如肝性脑病、急性肝脏衰竭等严重致死的疾病。当前对于cereulide的毒性作用机制研究局限于其刺激传入迷走神经引起呕吐症状,以及作为钾离子载体,诱导线粒体膜电位丧失,并最终导致细胞死亡,而对于其导致的严重肝脏和脑部病变的毒性作用机制研究仍十分不足。Cereulide是由cereulide合成酶基因簇(ces)编码,非核糖体肽合成酶(nonribosomal peptide-synthetase, NRPS)系统控制合成的。Cereulide由两个羟基酸和两个氨基酸残基[-D-HIC-D-Ala-L-HIV-L-Val-]经3次迭代组成三聚体缩酚酞,其结构特殊并有很强的代表性,但因NRPS合成系统的灵活性会产生许多变体,因此cereulide的毒性与其生物合成过程息息相关。文章在现有文献报道和研究数据的基础上,总结并提出了cereulide的生物合成机理：首先,cereulide合成基因簇的CesA和CesB结构域分别识别D-α-酮羧酸、L-丙氨酸、L-α-酮异戊酸和L-缬氨酸,通过共价结合形成cereulide的主要合成单元二肽;其次,依照上述过程重复合成四肽;再通过重复反应合成第二个四肽,两个四肽通过酯化形成八肽;再次重复上述反应,形成三元络合的产物肽;最后,由于ces-NRPS的硫酯酶结构域活性中心表面结构阻止外部水分子进入,并诱导内部亲核攻击反应,最终释放出环状cereulide。目前,由产cereulide的蜡样芽孢杆菌引起的食物中毒风险被低估。并且,本团队前期研究发现部分芽孢杆菌微生态制剂中混有产cereulide的蜡样芽孢杆菌菌株。因此,产cereulide蜡样芽孢杆菌的存在对食品安全和公共健康均构成了潜在风险。文章综述了cereulide的毒性作用及机制,为进一步研发cereulide防控措施提供科学依据;总结并提出了cereulide的生物合成机理,强调了催化酮酸形成酯的酮还原酶域(KR),及形成重复单元和环肽的硫酯酶域(TE)在其合成中的重要作用,为阐明类似结构的非核糖体肽合成提供新的思路。     

ROUTE DEVELOPMENT,ANTIVIRAL STUDIES,FIELD EVALUATION AND TOXICITY OF AN ANTIVIRAL PLANT PROTECTANT NK0238

• Developed a two-step synthetic route to anti-plant-virus candidate NK0238. • NK0238 exhibited a broad antivirus spectrum in greenhouse. • NK0238 showed comparable antivirus activities as controls in field trials. • NK0238 was safe to birds, fish, bees and silkworms. • NK0238 has a very good prospect in commercial development. It has previously been shown that tryptophan, the biosynthesis precursor of Peganum harmala alkaloids, and its derivatives have anti-TMV activity both in vitro and in vivo. Further exploration of this led to the identification of NK0238 as a highly effective agent for the prevention and control of diseases caused by plant viruses, but the existing routes are unsuitable for its large-scale synthesis. This study optimized a route for two-step synthesis of this virucide candidate via reaction of l-tryptophan with triphosgene to produce l-tryptophan-N-carboxylic anhydride, which then reacts with n-octylamine to give NK0238 at up to 94% yield and nearly 97% HPLC purity. In addition, the route was used for the preparation of NK0238 on a>40 g scale permitting further assessment of its antivirus activity in the greenhouse and field experiments, and toxicity tests. NK0238 exhibited useful antiviral activities against a variety of viruses both in greenhouse and field experiments. The toxicity tests showed that NK0238 was not acutely toxic to birds, fish, honey bees and silkworms. The optimized route provides a solid foundation for its large-scale synthesis and subsequent efficacy and toxicity studies, its excellent activity and safety make NK0238 a promising drug candidate for further development.     

植物对土壤钼污染的响应及其耐钼机制研究进展

钼是植物、动物和微生物必需的微量元素之一,同时也是一种重金属元素。以往对钼的研究主要关注钼缺乏对农作物产量与品质的影响及危害,对钼污染导致的生态风险及应对策略研究较少。本文在分析我国土壤钼污染现状及其生态风险的基础上,综述了钼污染对植物生长发育的影响、钼对植物的毒害阈值及其影响因子,以及植物对钼污染的耐性机制,并展望了未来土壤-植物系统钼污染的研究方向,以期为土壤钼污染的风险管控及修复提供参考。     

3种新烟碱类杀虫剂对棉蚜的室内毒力测定及田间药效

【目的】评价氟啶虫胺腈、氟吡呋喃酮、烯啶虫胺原药以及22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂、17%氟吡呋喃酮可溶液剂和5%烯啶虫胺水剂不同处理剂量对棉蚜的杀虫活性。【方法】采用浸叶法和茎叶喷雾法进行室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。【结果】氟啶虫胺腈/氟吡呋喃酮、烯啶虫胺原药对棉蚜24 h LC₅₀分别为2.41、1.49、0.81 μg/mL;48 h LC₅₀分别为1.35、0.72、0.32 μg/mL。22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂和7%氟吡呋喃酮可溶液剂对棉蚜具有很好的速效性,平均防治效果在70%以上。【结论】3种药剂均表现很好的持效性,氟啶虫胺腈、氟吡呋喃酮、烯啶虫胺可有效防治棉蚜,是棉花生产上防治棉蚜的高毒农药理想的替代药剂。     

致对虾肝胰腺坏死病副溶血弧菌荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

【目的】建立一种对虾急性肝胰腺坏死病（Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease）病原菌副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus, VpAHPND）荧光定量 PCR 检测方法,对该病进行快速检测。【方法】根据副溶血弧菌基因保守序列设计特异性引物和探针,经优化反应体系及条件,建立检测 VpAHPND 的荧光定量 PCR 方法;以重组质粒为标准品制作标准曲线,并进行特异性、敏感性、重复性及临床应用试验。【结果】该方法定量范围宽,起始模板浓度范围为 2.3×101 ~2.3×107 拷贝 /μL 时,标准曲线具有良好的线性关系;最低检测限为 2.3 拷贝/μL,与对虾其他病原菌及病毒无交叉反应,重复试验变异系数为 0.45%~0.69%,可在 1 h 内完成样品检测;对临床对虾样品的检测结果表明,该方法与世界动物卫生组织（OIE）推荐的套式 PCR 法检测结果一致。【结论】应用 TaqMan 探针建立的检测 VpAHPND 的荧光定量 PCR 方法具有灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好的特点,可有效用于临床对虾样品的 VpAHPND 检测。     

七种杀菌剂对水稻纹枯病菌的室内毒力及田间防效评价

本研究评价了七种杀菌剂对水稻纹枯病菌的室内毒力及田间防效。室内毒力测定结果表明：30%肟菌.戊唑醇悬浮剂、35%噻呋.氟环唑悬浮剂、32%噻呋.戊唑醇悬浮剂、30%戊唑.嘧菌酯悬浮剂、500g/L苯甲.丙环唑乳油这5种杀菌剂混剂对水稻纹枯病菌均有较强的抑制作用,EC₅₀值在0.0572~0.2265 mg.L^_-1之间。田间防效试验结果表明：在药后7d,对水稻纹枯病防效最好的药剂为30%肟菌.戊唑醇悬浮剂,防效为95.02%,30%戊唑.嘧菌酯悬浮剂、32%噻呋.戊唑醇悬浮剂、35%噻呋.氟环唑悬浮剂和500g/L苯甲.丙环唑乳油的防效分别为93.15%、92.53%、92.26%、91.81%;在药后14d,30%肟菌.戊唑醇悬浮剂这5种杀菌剂混剂对水稻纹枯病的防效均达到93%以上。