Proton toxicity interferes with the screening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for aluminium resistance in nutrient solution

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) proved to be very sensitive of low pH (4.3), with large genotypic differences in proton sensitivity. Therefore, proton toxicity did not allow the screening of common bean genotypes for aluminium (Al) resistance using the established protocol for maize (0.5 mM CaCl₂, 8 μM H₃BO₃, pH 4.3). Increasing the pH to 4.5, the Ca²⁺ concentration to 5 mM, and addition of 0.5 mM KCl fully prevented proton toxicity in 28 tested genotypes and allowed to identify differences in Al resistance using the inhibition of root elongation by 20 μM Al supply for 36 h as parameter of Al injury. As in maize, Al treatment induced callose formation in root apices of common bean. Aluminium‐induced callose formation well reflected the effect of Ca supply on Al sensitivity as revealed by root‐growth inhibition. Aluminum‐induced callose formation in root apices of 28 bean genotypes differing in Al resistance after 36 h Al treatment was positively correlated to Al‐induced inhibition of root elongation and Al contents in the root apices. However, the relationship was less close than previously reported for maize. Also, after 12 h Al treatment, callose formation and Al contents in root apices did not reflect differences in Al resistance between two contrasting genotypes, indicating a different mode of the expression of Al toxicity and regulation of Al resistance in common bean than in maize.     

Pb对赤子爱胜蚓的影响

通过急性毒性试验测定了不同培养条件下Pb对蚯蚓的毒害作用,并通过牛粪、砖红壤培养试验,测定了蚯蚓对Pb的忍耐性,及不同形态Pb对蚯蚓体重的影响。研究结果如下：蚯蚓在在液、沙、泥土和干牛粪中的急性半致死剂量（LD50）分别为354.41 mg/kg、360.95 mg/kg、1228.02 mg/kg和3894.62 mg/kg。蚯蚓在腐熟牛粪中对Pb有很好的忍耐性,当牛粪中Pb含量达到15000 mg/kg时蚯蚓依然能够生存。蚯蚓在Pb污染砖红壤生活60d后回收率和体重均有下降,在土壤Pb含量分别为400 mg/kg和444 mg/kg时蚯蚓的回收率和增长率下降最快,分别为0.6403和-0.4358。限制蚯蚓增长的程度大小Pb形态依次为：碳酸盐结合态>交换态>有机态>无定形氧化锰结合态>晶形氧化铁结合态>无定形氧化铁结合态>残渣态     

大麦耐铝毒机制的研究进展

铝离子对根系的毒害是酸性土壤中农作物生产的主要限制因子。大麦在所有禾本科农作物中对铝离子毒害最为敏感。耐铝毒性在大麦品种间存在变异,遗传分析表明在大麦第4染色体长臂上有一个主效基因（Alp）控制大麦对铝毒的抗性。本文总结了最近几年关于大麦耐铝毒机理的研究进展,特别是大麦耐铝毒基因Alp的克隆及其功能分析,并对禾本科其它农作物中相关耐铝毒基因的研究进行了比较。     

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)铝毒害与耐性机制及铝毒害的缓解作用

铝 (Al) 毒是广泛存在于热带亚热带地区酸性土壤上的主要的生产力限制因子之一。水稻Al毒害主要发生在新开垦的旱地酸性土壤上。本文较详细地总结了: (1) 水稻发生Al毒的环境条件,水稻Al毒害的可见症状和Al毒害的部位;(2) 水稻耐Al指标,营养元素的吸收与分配对水稻耐受Al毒害的影响,以及Al胁迫下根系分泌物、根际pH的变化等对水稻耐Al的贡献,水稻耐Al基因的定位等;(3) 水稻Al毒害的缓解作用机理及可能的解决措施。最后对水稻Al毒害和水稻耐Al机制研究中存在问题进行了分析探讨,同时对今后的研究作了展望。     

钙盐诱导下土壤锰和铁的释放及其对胡椒的生物有效性

Releases of manganese and iron ions from an albic soil (Albic-Udic Luvisol), a yellow-red soil (Hap-Udic Ferrisol) and a yellow-brown soil (Arp-Udic Luvisol) induced by calcium salt addition and their bioavailability to pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) were studied in a pot experiment. Addition of Ca(NO₃)₂ decreased soil pH and increased both exchangeable and DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid)-extractable Mn and Fe in soils. Meanwhile, total Mn accumulation in the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. on the salt-treated soils increased significantly (P< 0.01) compared with the control, suggesting that salt addition to soil induced Mn toxicity in Capsicum frutescens L. Although exchangeable and DTPA-extractable Fe increased also in the salt-treated soils, Fe uptake by the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased. The effect of added salts in soils on dry matter weight of pepper varied with the soil characteristics, showing different buffer capacities of the soils for salt toxicity in an order of yellow-brown soil > albic soil > yellow-red soil. Fe/Mn ratio in shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased with increasing salt addition for all the soils, which was ascribed to the antagonistic effect of Mn on Fe accumulation. The ratio of Fe/Mn in the tissue was a better indicator of the appearance of Mn toxicity symptoms than Mn concentration alone.     

2BF-9型化肥深施播种机的设计

设计了一种适应前茬为大豆、玉米、水稻等作物,进行化肥深施的谷物播种机。该机采用联合作业方式,开沟器为自行开发的锐角开沟器,先施肥、后下种,种肥垂直距离50mm左右。田间试验表明,该机工作性能良好,防堵效果显著,可进行常规播种及硬茬播种。     

水稻根尖边缘细胞对铁毒的形态生理响应

以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种Azucena（铁耐性）和IR64（铁敏感）为材料,研究了Fe2+毒胁迫下附着于根尖边缘细胞(即原位边缘细胞)的数目、存活率,根尖细胞形态结构、根尖保护酶活性的变化。结果显示,Fe2+ 毒对根边缘细胞的产生有抑制作用。相对于敏感性品种而言,一定浓度Fe2+(100~200 μmol/L)有利于耐性品种边缘细胞的产生;Fe2+ 毒对边缘细胞有致死效应,随Fe2+浓度的提升,边缘细胞的存活率呈下降趋势,根尖外围细胞壁增厚,并出现细胞程序性死亡特征(敏感性品种)。同时,Fe2+ 毒对根尖保护酶活性有一定的影响,200~400 μmol/L Fe2+处理下,耐性品种POD、CAT、SOD活性都超过对照;敏感品种只有SOD活性超过对照。说明Fe2+毒胁迫下,水稻根尖通过增加边缘细胞数目、提高细胞拒铁作用,维持较高水平的POD、CAT和SOD活性来对抗Fe2+毒,缓解铁毒害。     

农药废水对秀丽隐杆线虫毒性效应及其主要有毒组分

应用battery生物测试法,检测研究农药废水对秀丽隐杆线虫的生命周期、繁殖速率、生殖能力、头摆和身体弯曲频率等影响的生物毒性,及其引发生物毒性的主要有机污染物。结果表明,在已经达到国家废水排放标准[GB 8978—1996]情况下,处理出水对受试动物仍然存在致毒效应;线虫的世代周期对进水的毒性最为敏感,产卵数量对出水的毒性最为敏感;进水毒性主要来自易受酸性调节影响的有机污染物,出水毒性主要来自易受碱性调节影响的有机污染物。结果表明,该项生物测试的毒性参数,可用于指示存在于低CODCr废水中的生物毒性;所用的毒性鉴别评价（TIE）方法,可用于鉴别废水中引发致毒效应的关键污染物。废水中悬浮颗粒污染物的生物毒性至关重要,尚未研究,有待继续。     

I、aVL、V5、V6导联Q波消失对急性下壁伴右室心肌梗死的诊断价值

目的探讨I、AVL、V5、V6导联Q波消失对急性下壁伴右室心肌梗死的诊断价值.方法观察73例急性下壁心肌梗死患者的心电图.结果 35例急性下壁伴右室梗死患者中有18例I、AVL、V5、V6导联Q波同时消失,占51.42%,而38例不伴右室梗死患者,仅有1例I、AVL、V5、V6导联Q波消失,占2.63%,差异有非常显著性 (P<0.01).以I、AVL、V5、V6导联Q波消失作为急性下壁伴右室梗死的诊断指标的敏感性为51.42%,特异性为97.36%.结论I、AVL、V5、V6导联Q波同时消失对急性下壁伴右室梗死具有较高的诊断价值.     

灌木幼苗对镉毒害的敏感性差异

为探究灌木幼苗及不同测试终点对镉（Cd）毒害的抗性和敏感性差异,选取了12种常见的灌木植物,通过Cd对灌木幼苗毒害的水培试验,测定不同含量Cd处理［0（对照）、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0、16.0、32.0 mg·L^-1］下植物的生长状况（表观毒害症状、株高、地上部鲜重和干重、根系生长状态）,比较不同测试终点稳定性,并运用Burr-Ⅲ模型制作物种敏感性分布图（species sensitivity distributions,SSD）,分析不同灌木幼苗对Cd的敏感性。结果表明,供试植物在Cd含量为1.0~4.0 mg·L^-1时开始出现表观毒害症状;Cd对不同的植物地上部和根系毒害阈值差异较大,地上部干重减少10%（EC₁₀）和50%（EC₅₀）对应的毒性阈值变化范围分别为0.11（海桐）~1.30 mg·L^-1（八角金盘）和2.58（金森女贞）~10.90 mg·L^-1（八角金盘）,差异分别达到了11.8和4.2倍;根分支数对应的EC₁₀和EC₅₀变化范围分别为0.08（金森女贞）~1.27 mg·L^-1（八角金盘）和2.40（金森女贞）~10.30 mg·L^-1（八角金盘）,差异分别达到了15.8和4.3倍;不同测试终点的敏感性从大到小依次为根分枝数>总根长>总根表面积>总根尖数>地上部分干重>株高>地上部分鲜重,说明根系指标对Cd毒性更为敏感;基于地上部干重和根分支数的EC₅₀数据得到的SSD表明,大部分植物的敏感性分布趋于一致,其中金森女贞和海桐对Cd毒害最为敏感,八角金盘为Cd毒害的抗性品种;同时,根据SSD得出保护95%林木品质不受Cd毒害的生态风险阈值HC₅。