Effects of anthropogenic noise as a source of acoustic stress in wild populations of Hippocampus guttulatus in the Ria Formosa,south Portugal

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Observation of three‐dimensional flow structures and effluent transport around fish cages using a towed ADCP and free‐fall multi‐parameter profiler

A field campaign was conducted around salmon cages, using a combination of a towed ADCP and a free‐fall multi‐parameter profiler, in order to investigate flow structures and the possible distribution of effluent materials. Two transect observations showed that hydrographic conditions changed dramatically within 5 days, from highly stratified open water conditions to weak stratification. Three‐dimensional observation revealed that flow was blocked behind the cages and that the blockage was reduced as the distance from the cages increased. The flow speed was positively correlated with the intensity of the backscattering signal. The R² value was high immediately behind the cages and decreased with distance from the cages. The flow time series behind the cages exhibited a k^–2 power law spectrum that was consistent with a typical internal wave spectrum. This suggests that eddies shed from the cages were highly influenced by stratification. We estimated the rate of kinetic energy dissipation, , from YODA Profiler data based on the Thorpe scale approach. We also estimated the eddy diffusivity coefficient, . Both and followed a lognormal probability density function. The mean was consistent with a one‐dimensional diffusion model assessed from the R² values of flow speed and backscatter intensity.     

Use of acoustic testing to detect decay and sort western juniper for modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture

While wood has numerous attributes that make it an excellent material for many uses, its properties can also vary widely according to wood species and even within the same species. Wood used in structural applications is categorized into classes. For many wood products, these classes or grades are based upon visual assessments that account for grain characteristics along with natural defects such as knots or splits. These approaches are simple, but also limit the potential for identifying products based upon actual material properties. One alternative is to use acoustic tests to estimate modulus of elasticity and then correlate these values to actual material properties. The potential for using acoustic tests to estimate wood properties was assessed with a prototype acoustic device (Metriguard Model 242) on western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) posts that were then tested using a destructive bending test. These tests could allow the identification of decayed areas within a post if they were directly in the tested area, but predicted modulus of elasticity was poorly correlated with actual modulus of rupture (r^2?=?0.23). The correlation was improved by only considering those samples where the acoustic test was made through the same area where the test load was applied, but the relationship was still weak (r^2?=?0.33). Acoustic testing did appear to be able to identify unacceptably weak samples with minimal rejection of acceptable samples, suggesting that acoustic testing might be a useful sorting tool to improve the reliability of timbers.     

基于直接边界元法的潜水排污泵内流噪声数值模拟

为了揭示不同湍流模型对超厚叶片潜水排污泵流动特性及噪声的影响,以1台超厚叶片低比转数潜水排污泵为模型,基于CFD理论与Lighthill声比拟理论,对潜水排污泵的流场和声场进行数值模拟,并对不同工况下(0.6Q_N,0.8Q_N,1.0Q_N,1.2Q_N,1.4Q_N)潜水排污泵的内部压力分布特性进行分析,同时探讨了内声场和外声场的噪声产生原因及分布传播特性.数值模拟结果表明,采用SST模型得到的性能曲线最接近试验结果;当叶轮从时刻a旋转到时刻d时,隔舌附近的高压区增大;隔舌处压力脉动最剧烈,这说明隔舌处是主要噪声源;在最优工况附近噪声较小,偏离最优工况处噪声较大;噪声极大值均出现在30°~75°内,极小值在225°~250°内.     

采用声学方法研究2016年秋季布兰斯菲尔德海峡南极磷虾群昼夜垂直移动特征及其影响因素

近年来,南极磷虾渔业过于集中于布兰斯菲尔德海峡,这也使得该海区磷虾资源状况及其生态学特征日益受到关注。南极磷虾群具有较为明显的昼夜垂直移动特征,开展此方面的研究可为探索其渔场形成机制提供基础数据,并为磷虾渔业反馈式管理提供参考。基于磷虾渔船上Simrad EK80记录的相关声学数据,使用Echoview软件判别声学数据中的磷虾群体,对2016年秋季布兰斯菲尔德海峡南极磷虾群昼夜垂直移动特征进行分析,并进一步分析影响磷虾群昼夜垂直移动的因素。结果显示,3月和4月磷虾群深度基本维持在250 m以浅,虾群最大深度出现在日升时分的频次最高（22.9%）,而最浅深度出现在夜间时分的频次最高（36.0%）,同时在日升时分,虾群厚度达到最大值;白天磷虾群多集中在较深水层,夜间会上浮到较浅水层。随着月份的推移,磷虾群平均深度总体呈现加深的趋势。光强和海底深度是影响磷虾群深度变化的2个主要因素。     

Spawning site fidelity and apparent annual survival of walleye (Sander vitreus) differ between a Lake Huron and Lake Erie tributary

Fidelity to spawning habitats can maximise reproductive success of fish by synchronising movements to sites of previous recruitment. To determine the role of reproductive fidelity in structuring walleye Sander vitreus populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes, we used acoustic telemetry combined with Cormack–Jolly–Seber capture–recapture models to estimate spawning site fidelity and apparent annual survival for the Tittabawassee River in Lake Huron and Maumee River in Lake Erie. Walleye in spawning condition were tagged from the Tittabawassee River in Lake Huron and Maumee River in Lake Erie in 2011–2012. Site fidelity and apparent annual survival were estimated from return of individuals to the stream where tagged. Site fidelity estimates were higher in the Tittabawassee River (95%) than the Maumee River (70%) and were not related to sex or fish length at tagging. Apparent annual survival of walleye tagged in the Tittabawassee did not differ among spawning seasons but was higher for female than male walleye and decreased linearly as fish length increased. Apparent annual survival of walleye tagged in the Maumee River did not differ among spawning seasons but was higher for female walleye than male walleye and increased linearly as fish length increased. Greater fidelity of walleye tagged in the Tittabawassee River than walleye tagged in the Maumee River may be related to the close proximity to the Maumee River of other spawning aggregations and multiple spawning sites in Lake Erie. As spawning site fidelity increases, management actions to conserve population structure require an increasing focus on individual stocks.     

基于声学方法的黄河三门峡水库渔业资源空间分布研究

为探讨声学方法在黄河流域生态环境研究中的适用性,于2013年11月23日使用分裂式波束科学鱼探仪(Simrad EY60,70 k Hz,挪威)对黄河三门峡水库西湾至库尾大坝间水域进行了渔业资源声学调查,并通过现场鱼类目标强度测定和回波积分方法对库区内渔业资源密度、资源现存量和空间分布进行了初步探查与估算。结果表明:此次调查库区内声学积分值(Nautical area scattering coefficient,NASC)为5.59 m2/nmi2,渔业资源密度平均为0.002 ind./m2,资源现存量为42.36 t;在鱼类资源密度空间分布统计方面,将调查区域库区分为上、中、下游3个调查区域(A、B、C区),8个积分区段,依次为A-Ⅰ、A-Ⅱ、A-Ⅲ,B-Ⅰ、B-Ⅱ,C-Ⅰ、C-Ⅱ、C-Ⅲ区段,其对应的鱼类资源密度分别为0.002、0.017、0.013 ind./m2,0.004、0.008 ind./m2,0.013、0.016、0.037 ind./m2,鱼类资源主要集中于上游的A-Ⅱ、A-Ⅲ区段及水库下游区域;对应鱼类的垂直分布,A-Ⅱ、A-Ⅲ、C-Ⅰ、C-Ⅱ区段鱼类主要分布于5 m以浅水层,A-Ⅰ、B-Ⅱ区段鱼类主要分布于10 m以浅水层,而B-Ⅰ区段鱼类均分布于5 m以深水层且数量较少,C-Ⅲ区段鱼类则主要分布于10~20 m水层;库区内鱼类目标强度(Target strength,TS)多分布于-62.5~-47.5 d B之间,且目标强度大于-44.5 d B、体长大于25 cm的个体均分布于5 m以深水层。研究表明,声学方法在淡水水库渔业资源评估中体现出良好的适用性,本研究推动了该方法在黄河流域水域生态环境研究中的应用,为今后用声学方法评估内陆河流、湖泊和水库渔业资源提供了理论基础和科学依据。     

警惕酒椰象甲的入侵

2015年8月,深圳出入境检验检疫局从来自香港的旅客携带物中截获大量酒椰棕榈果,深圳局实验室利用声测仪从该果中截获酒椰象甲(Leurostethus raphiae Marshall,1945),同期,北京出入境检验检疫局从非洲入境旅客携带的酒椰棕榈果中检出该虫。酒椰象甲为中国口岸首次截获。本文对该种有害生物的分类地位、分布、寄主、形态特征、传播途径等进行了介绍,并介绍了一种新型的检测技术-声测仪,提出了口岸检疫的应对措施。     

Damage Evolution and Acoustic Emission Character of Coalrock under Unloading Condition

The damage failure mechanisms of coalrock under unloading condition during deep mining is different from those under traditional loading condition, starting from the unloading condition position to study the dynamic disaster of coalrock has become a new direction in the disaster study. The rock mechanics electrohydraulic servo test system (MTS815) and acoustic emission system (8CHS PCI 2) are used to study the coalrock deformation damage and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics. The results show that the failure of coalrock under unloading condition exhibits strong brittleness and happens in sudden and is mostly of tensile shear failure type. The evolution curve of cumulative ring down count of acoustic emission can better reflect the coalrock unloading damage evolution process, and the whole unloading failure process can be divided into three stages: the stage of damage weakening, damage stably development stage and the stage of accelerated damage development. During the mining process the confining pressure of the coalrock is unloaded, the coalrock rapidly arrives at the third stage of the whole unloading failure process, and the damage is accumulated rapidly and the fracture failure of coalrok occurred suddenly, then follows the coalrock dynamic disaster.     

基于音频特性的西瓜成熟度无损检测技术研究

目前西瓜的成熟度的鉴定仍然采用传统的算、看、听、测等方法,这些方法都难以对西瓜成熟度做出精确判断,本文通过分析不同成熟度西瓜样本的拍击音频信号,借鉴国内外的先进技术和经验,提取了和西瓜成熟度密切相关的几种特征,并从中找出1个相关性最高的特征-通带能量向量完成对西瓜成熟度的无损检测。