胃肠道脂多糖对奶牛健康及生产性能的影响及其防治措施

脂多糖是革兰氏阴性细菌细胞外膜的主要组成成分,奶牛饲粮中精料比例过高或有效中性洗涤纤维含量过低均会显著增加胃肠道脂多糖含量。脂多糖可与pH等胃肠道环境因素共同作用,损伤胃肠道上皮,一旦胃肠道上皮受损,脂多糖便会易位进入机体外周循环系统,导致奶牛机体发生一系列免疫代谢反应,进而影响奶牛健康及生产性能。本文从脂多糖的结构及来源、胃肠道脂多糖对奶牛健康及生产性能的影响及其缓解方法方面进行综述,以期为现代化奶牛生产中保障奶牛健康、提高奶牛生产性能提供理论依据。     

Cloning and characterization of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene in Streptococcus bovis

Streptococcus bovis, an etiologic agent of rumen acidosis in cattle, is a rumen bacterium that can grow in a chemically defined medium containing ammonia as a sole source of nitrogen. To understand its ability to assimilate inorganic ammonia, we focused on the function of glutamate dehydrogenase. In order to identify the gene encoding this enzyme, we first amplified an internal region of the gene by using degenerate primers corresponding to hexameric family I and NAD(P)⁺ binding motifs. Subsequently, inverse PCR was used to identify the whole gene, comprising an open reading frame of 1350 bp that encodes 449 amino acid residues that appear to have the substrate binding site of glutamate dehydrogenase observed in other organisms. Upon introduction of a recombinant plasmid harboring the gene into an Escherichia coli glutamate auxotroph lacking glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase, the transformants gained the ability to grow on minimal medium without glutamate supplementation. When cell extracts of the transformant were resolved by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by activity staining, a single protein band appeared that corresponded to the size of S. bovis glutamate dehydrogenase. Based on these results, we concluded that the gene obtained encodes glutamate dehydrogenase in S. bovis.     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒对反刍动物瘤胃生理功能及物质吸收转运的影响

畜牧业集约化养殖越来越普遍。为提高反刍动物生产性能,饲喂大量能量饲料,进而引发亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA),导致动物采食量下降、畜产品产出降低以及动物发生炎症反应。近年研究表明,SARA会改变瘤胃生理状态,而瘤胃健康对反刍动物饲养至关重要。本文综述了反刍动物SARA状态下瘤胃生理生化过程变化,结合瘤胃发酵模式变化和瘤胃微生物的改变,重点阐述了SARA引起的瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构变化、屏障功能改变、瘤胃上皮细胞中物质转运及相关载体表达及其引发的瘤胃上皮细胞炎症通路,为更好指导反刍动物饲养及为瘤胃营养生理生化研究提供参考。     

Comparison of the alkalizing abilities between 1.35% sodium bicarbonate solutions with and without dextrose in healthy calves

The present study aimed to clarify the alkalizing ability of 1.35% isotonic sodium bicarbonate solution (ISBS), which did not contain dextrose, compared with that of 1.35% isotonic bicarbonate sodium solution containing 4.03% dextrose (ISBD) in healthy calves. The calves were intravenously administered with 20.7 mL/kg of the solutions for 30 min as the volume required to correct base deficit of 10 mM. ISBS increased the blood pH, HCO₃⁻, and base excess from 7.44 ± 0.02, 29.6 ± 1.9 mM, and 5.3 ± 2.1 mM to 7.49 ± 0.02, 36.9 ± 2.3 mM, and 13.5 ± 2.6 mM respectively (P<0.05). These factors for the ISBD group increased from 7.41 ± 0.02, 29.0 ± 1.1 mM, and 4.5 ± 1.3 mM to 7.43 ± 0.02, 33.5 ± 1.9 mM, and 9.5 ± 1.7 mM (P<0.05), respectively. Furthermore, in the ISBD group, the relative plasma volume and blood glucose level increased while the K⁺ level decreased, which did not occur in the ISBS group. Therefore, the results revealed that ISBS had better alkalizing ability in calves than ISBD.     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒耐受性不同的奶牛血浆和乳中脂肪酸及代谢物组成分析

The present study aimed to explore the differences in plasma and milk metabolism of dairy cows with different subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) tolerance. Twelve fistulated Holstein dairy cows in mid lactation[days in milk=(114±22) d] were selected and fed the same diet consisting of 60% forage and 40% concentrate mixture. On days 20 and 21 of the trial period, the rumen pH was monitored at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after morning feeding. Milk samples were collected before feeding in the morning and evening. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein 6 h after morning feeding. All the milk and blood samples were stored in liquid nitrogen for subsequent fatty acid composition and metabolome analysis. Cows with the lowest and highest ruminal pH were assigned into the susceptible (SUS, n=4) and tolerant (TOL, n=4) groups, respectively. The fatty acid composition results showed that the proportions of ≤C16 fatty acids in the blood and milk were significantly increased in the SUS group (P< 0.05), while the proportions of > C16 fatty acids were significantly decreased (P< 0.05). The levels of the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the milk were significantly decreased in the SUS group (P< 0.05). The LC-MS metabolomics results revealed that the L-phenylpyruvate was significantly reduced, while the levels of remaining MG (18: 0/0: 0/0: 0), 9-HODE, niacinamide, isovalerylcarnitine, phosphocreatine, L-glutamic acid, and 12(13) Ep-9-KODE were substantially increased in the SUS group. The results of milk metabolome analysis indicated that the levels of 1-stearoylphosphoglycerolserine and sphingosine were significantly increased, while the levels of 14 different metabolites were significantly decreased in the SUS group (P< 0.05), including glyceryl-phosphoryl-ethanolamine, glycerol 3-phosphate, and orotic acid. These differential metabolites were mainly involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism (P< 0.05), glycerolipid metabolism, and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. In conclusion, the fatty acids and metabolic profiles in the plasma and milk of cows with different tolerance to SARA were different. For the SUS group, the amino acid metabolism and the de novo synthesis ability of milk fat was enhanced in the plasma, while the ability to absorb long chain fatty acids from blood was weakened. At the same time, the levels of phospholipid, orotic acid and other nutrients were decreased in the milk, which indicated that the quality of milk was reduced for the SUS cows. © 2021, Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

奶山羊瘤胃酸中毒主要特性的试验研究

试验采用大剂量玉米粉投服法诱发奶山羊瘤胃酸中毒,首次测定了投报前、报服后４、８、１２、２４、３６、４８ｈ瘤胃液、血液、尿液中乳酸、内毒素、组织胺等主要指标的变化。结果显示：投服８ｈ后３项指标均显著高于投股前测定值（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１）,并呈逐渐上升趋势,均为奶山羊瘤胃酸中毒的致病因素。     

反刍动物瘤胃酸中毒机制解析及其营养调控措施

反刍动物瘤胃亚急性酸中毒(SARA)是现代集约化生产中常见的营养代谢病.“反刍动物SARA的发生和调控机制”是重要的科学问题,对其的进一步深入研究不仅在学术上有重要意义,而且对降低经济损失具有重要的现实意义.本文分析了国际上反刍动物瘤胃中毒研究的最新成果和进展,对其产生原因和机制以及预防措施进行了系统的阐述.本文深入探讨了引起瘤胃酸中毒的3个学说,“有机酸中毒学说”、“乳酸中毒学说”和“内毒素和组织胺中毒学说”;较为深入地解析了饲粮中碳水化合物组成、瘤胃微生物菌群及其代谢变化对瘤胃酸中毒发生的影响.同时,也对SARA的预防及其营养调控措施进行了论述,并提出通过科学合理的饲养管理,合理设计饲粮的碳水化合物组成,使用益生菌、缓冲剂、有机酸、硫胺素,接种疫苗,调控瘤胃内有机酸的产生和利用的途径来预防反刍动物瘤胃酸中毒的发生,以期为今后我国在预防瘤胃酸中毒方面的研究和生产应用提供参考.     

Effects of Alkalinization and Rehydration on Plasma Potassium Concentrations in Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea

Background

Increased plasma potassium concentrations (K⁺) in neonatal calves with diarrhea are associated with acidemia and severe clinical dehydration and are therefore usually corrected by intravenous administration of fluids containing sodium bicarbonate.

Objectives

To identify clinical and laboratory variables that are associated with changes of plasma K⁺ during the course of treatment and to document the plasma potassium‐lowering effect of hypertonic (8.4%) sodium bicarbonate solutions.

Animals

Seventy‐one neonatal diarrheic calves.

Methods

Prospective cohort study. Calves were treated according to a clinical protocol using an oral electrolyte solution and commercially available packages of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (250–750 mmol), 0.9% saline (5–10 L), and 40% dextrose (0.5 L) infusion solutions.

Results

Infusions with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solutions in an amount of 250–750 mmol had an immediate and sustained plasma potassium‐lowering effect. One hour after the end of such infusions or the start of a sodium bicarbonate containing constant drip infusion, changes of plasma K⁺ were most closely correlated to changes of venous blood pH, plasma sodium concentrations and plasma volume (r = −0.73, −0.57, −0.53; P < .001). Changes of plasma K⁺ during the subsequent 23 hours were associated with changes of venous blood pH, clinical hydration status (enophthalmos) and serum creatinine concentrations (r = −0.71, 0.63, 0.62; P < .001).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

This study emphasizes the importance of alkalinization and the correction of dehydration in the treatment of hyperkalemia in neonatal calves with diarrhea.