草坪植物耐弱光机理研究进展

在遮荫胁迫下,草坪植物形态特征、解剖结构、光合器官、抗氧化物酶、内源激素以及营养元素的吸收和积累等都会发生一系列变化。本文阐述了草坪植物耐弱光逆境研究的意义、弱光逆境对植物的形态及生理的影响、植物对弱光逆境的生理响应机理和光合调控机制,并对当前草坪植物耐弱光逆境胁迫的研究方向提出自己的看法,旨在为今后的相关研究提供建议。     

枳落叶前的抗寒能力分析

以即将落叶的2年生枳(Poncirustrifoliata(L.)Raf.)营养袋苗为试材,以相同时期的2年生宫本/枳砧(Cit- rus reticulata Blanco cv.Miyamoto)营养袋苗为对照,棉絮包蔸进行-6℃不同时间的低温处理,探讨枳在落叶前的抗寒能力.结果表明,枳叶片电解质渗出率随-6℃处理时间的延长呈"S"形变化,当电解质渗出率在25%以下时,叶片受冻可以恢复;当叶片电解质渗出率在50%以上时,叶片发生不可逆冻害,2～3 d干枯、死亡,与受冻形态观察结果吻合.枳落叶前-6℃处理60 min是耐受低温的临界点.枳抗寒能力强于宫本的因素之一可能是枳的过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性比宫本高.枳经历了秋季日照缩短和气温降低的低温锻炼,落叶前其抗寒能力比经历同样条件的宫本略强,但尚未获得真正的越冬抗寒能力.     

低温驯化下4种不同品系罗非鱼血清皮质醇与免疫相关指标的变化

选取4种不同品系罗非鱼, 分别为吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)、奥尼罗非鱼(O. niloticus×O. aureus)、红罗非鱼(O. nilotica♂× O. mossambica♀)和奥利亚罗非鱼(O. aureaus)。在26℃水温下饲养3周后, 选取规格基本一致的罗非鱼(体质量50.73 g±4.23 g)进行低温驯化实验。水温以3℃/d的速度从26℃降至8℃, 分别于水温为26℃、20℃、14℃和8℃时进行采样, 比较不同驯化阶段4种不同品系罗非鱼血清皮质醇和免疫相关指标的变化规律。结果表明, 与26℃时的免疫指标相比, 水温降至8℃时, 吉富与红罗非鱼血清皮质醇水平显著升高; 然而血清C3、C4、IgM以及头肾C型溶菌酶mRNA水平显著下降(P<0.05), 血清中高皮质醇水平对鱼体的免疫产生了抑制作用。水温为8℃时, 奥尼罗非鱼血清皮质醇、IgM和补体C3以及头肾抗菌肽mRNA水平显著升高; 奥利亚血清皮质醇、C4和IgM以及头肾C型溶菌酶mRNA水平与26℃时相比无显著差异, 然而血清溶菌酶与C3水平降低。驯化实验结束后, 比较了4种不同品系罗非鱼在8℃水温下48 h内的累积死亡率。吉富与红罗非鱼组累积死亡率较高, 分别达到43.3%和40.0%; 奥尼罗非鱼其次, 为23.3%; 奥利亚罗非鱼最低, 为20.0%。较高的血清IgM和头肾溶菌酶和抗菌肽mRNA水平可能有助于提高奥尼和奥利亚罗非鱼的抗低温应激能力, 增加低温时的成活率。本研究通过分析4种品系罗非鱼不同驯化阶段血清皮质醇和免疫相关指标, 探讨不同品系罗非鱼在低温驯化过程中的免疫保护机制, 旨在为下一步抗低温新品系罗非鱼的选育提供理论依据。

     

高温锻炼对小麦细胞膜热稳定性的影响

通过电解质渗漏量的变化研究了冬小麦细胞膜的耐热性.耐热性的程度用50℃下热致死时间表示.研究结果表明,小麦幼苗在34℃下锻炼3天可获得最大耐热性.在20℃/15℃(日/夜)生长条件下.耐热品种与热敏感品种之间耐热性无明显差异,它们在50℃下热致死时间为8～26Min.在34℃下锻炼3天后,耐热品种的耐热性明显地高于热敏感品种,耐热品种的50℃热致死时间为87～110min,而热敏感品种为35～55min.     

Effects of Thermal and Salt Treatments during Imbibition on Germination and Seedling Growth of Sorghum at 42/19 °C

This investigation tested the influence of thermal treatment of seeds at various stages of imbibition on the germination percentage, speed and growth response of seeds and seedlings. Seeds of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L Moench) were treated in 2, 4 or 6 g NaCl l^?1 solutions and exposed for 2 h to 45 °C during the first, second or third days of imbibition. Thereafter, the seeds were dried and germinated at 42/19 °C (day/night temperature). Salt treatments did not improve the final germination percentage but increased germination speed over untreated seeds. The higher the salt concentration used, the greater the dry weights of plumules and radicles. Thermal treatment on the third day of imbibition yielded higher germination percentages than untreated seeds, while thermal treatment on the second day gave faster germination. Both the second and third day thermal treatments gave superior germination indices and higher plumule‐to‐radicle ratios. It is concluded that thermal treatment may assist in acclimating seeds to heat stress.     

Comparative studies of the changes in enzymatic activities in hardy and less hardy cultivars of winter wheat in late fall and in winter under snow

Abstract

The synthetic activity of protein and changes in the activity profiles of enzymes during cold acclimation were studied in leaves, stems, and crowns of a hardy winter wheat cultivar ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Horoshirikomugi) and a less hardy winter wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Norin 61). The results showed that one of the genetic differences between the two cuitivars is found in the activities of protein synthesis under low temperatures. The profiles of the changes in enzymatic activities showed that the adjustment of enzymatic activities was a tissue-specific event to accommodate environmental changes. The synthesis of the enzymes involved in a peroxide scavenging system such as hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, dehydroascorbate reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, and so on started at the acclimation stage, while the phosphoglucose isomerase, which appears to be a maintenance-type enzyme in the wintering wheat, showed a small increase in the activity at later stages of acclimation period in their stems of both cuitivars. When the field was covered with snow, the catalase activity in the leaves started to decrease abruptly, while catalase activities in the stems and crowns did not exhibit appreciable changes during the life under snow. The life-cycle dependent changes in enzymatic activities appear to occur in late March or early April under snow.     

冷驯化和冷冻条件下不同抗寒性冬小麦品种三个COR基因表达差异的实时荧光定量分析

COR基因是含有CRT/DRE调控元件的一类冷响应基因,在植物抗寒耐寒过程中发挥着重要作用.为了分析不同抗寒性的冬小麦品种中COR基因表达的差异,明确在抗寒中起关键作用的COR基因,本实验以抗寒品种东农冬麦1号和不抗寒品种济麦22为材料,设定一系列低温处理,用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析低温下Wrab17、Wcor80和Wcs120三个基因的表达差异.结果表明,在所有冷处理中,这三个基因在抗寒品种东农冬麦1号的相对表达量均比不抗寒品种济麦22高,上调表达时间更长,响应时间更短.处理组和对照组中也出现较大差异,在某些处理组中的相对表达量明显更高.其中冷驯化处理8～12 h和冷冻处理4h时Wrab17在东农冬麦1号中分别上调表达11.2、14.7和26倍,同时期同处理的济麦22中此数值分别为2.7、6.2和4.3倍;冷冻处理6h时Wcor80在东农冬麦1号中上调表达6.5倍,在济麦22中则出现小幅下调;冷驯化处理1h后Wcs120在东农冬麦1号中上调8.7倍,在济麦22中未发现上调表达.     

CBF转录因子在提高植物抗逆性中的作用

CBF转录因子在植物胁迫应答途径中发挥十分重要的作用,对CBF转录因子的结构特点、表达调控及其在提高植物抗寒性、抗旱性及抗盐性中的作用的研究进展进行了综述。     

耐镉、铬丝状真菌菌株的筛选与鉴定

采用梯度浓度驯化方法,从重金属镉、铬污染的稻田土壤中分离、筛选出8株耐铬、镉真菌菌株。5株耐镉浓度为16mmol/L的菌株,4株耐铬浓度为1000mg/L的菌株,其中X29菌株耐镉浓度为16mmol/L,耐铬浓度为1000mg/L。经形态观察、18S rDNA扩增和序列分析,确定了这8株菌株的种属地位分别为：绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae),拟茎点霉(Phomopsis sp.),曲霉（Aspergillus sp.）,木霉（Trichoderma sp.）,尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）,酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）,青霉（Penicillium sp.）;其中Strain35和Strain55都为青霉,其余6株分别属于不同菌株。本研究不仅为镉、铬污染环境的微生物修复提供了重要菌株,同时也暗示了微生物在重金属降解和修复中有着良好的应用潜力。